1)

THE DEATH OF R. ELIEZER

(דף סח) תניא כשחלה רבי אליעזר נכנסו ר״ע וחבריו לבקרו הוא יושב בקינוף שלו והם יושבים בטרקלין שלו ואותו היום ע״ש היה ונכנס הורקנוס בנו לחלוץ תפיליו גער בו ויצא בנזיפה אמר להם לחבריו כמדומה אני שדעתו של אבא נטרפה אמר להו דעתו ודעת אמו נטרפה האיך מניחין איסור סקילה ועוסקין באיסור שבות כיון שראו חכמים שדעתו מיושבת עלו נכנסו וישבו לפניו מרחוק ארבע אמות אמר להם למה באתם אמרו לו ללמוד תורה באנו אמר להם ועד עכשיו למה לא באתם אמרו לו לא היה לנו פנאי. אמר להם תמה אני אם ימותו מיתת עצמן א״ל ר״ע שלי מהו א״ל שלך קשה משלהן נטל ב׳ זרועותיו והניחן על לבו אמר אוי לכם ב׳ זרועותי שהם כשני ספרי תורות שנגללין הרבה תורה למדתי והרבה תורה לימדתי הרבה תורה למדתי ולא חסרתי מרבותי אפילו ככלב המלקק מן הים הרבה תורה לימדתי ולא חסרוני תלמידי אלא כמכחול בשפופרת ולא עוד אלא שאני שונה ש׳ הלכות בבהרת עזה ולא היה אדם שואלני בהם דבר מעולם ולא עוד אלא שאני שונה ש׳ הלכות ואמרי לה שלשת אלפים הלכות בנטיעות קשואין ולא היה אדם שואלני בהם דבר מעולם חוץ מעקיבא בן יוסף פעם אחד אני והוא היינו מהלכים בדרך אמר לי ר׳ למדני בנטיעות קשואין אמרתי דבר אחד ונתמלאה כל השדה קשואים אמר לי רבי למדתני נטיעתן למתי עקירתן אמרתי דבר אחד נתקבצו כולן למקום אחד אמרו לו הכדור והאמוס והקמיע וצרור המרגליות ומשקולת קטנה מהו אמר להן הן טמאין וטהרתן במה שהן מנעל שעל גבי האמוס מהו אמר להן הוא טהור ויצאה נשמתו בטהרה עמד ר׳ יהושע על רגליו ואמר הותר הנדר הותר הנדר למוצאי שבת פגע בו ר״ע בין קסרי ללוד והיה מכה בבשרו עד שדמו שותת לארץ פתח עליו בשורה ואמר (מ״ב ב יב) אבי אבי רכב ישראל ופרשיו הרבה מעות יש לי ואין לי שולחני להרצותן:
Translation: It was taught: When R. Eliezer fell ill, R. Akiva and his colleagues entered to visit him. He was sitting in his canopied bed, and they were sitting in his hall. That day was Erev Shabbos. Hyrcanus his son entered to remove his Tefillin; he rebuked him, and he left in anger. He said to his colleagues: It seems to me that my father's mind has become confused. He said to them: His mind and his mother's mind are confused - how can they leave a prohibition punishable by stoning (e.g. preparations such as lighting the candles before sunset, which if delayed might lead to a capital offence) and occupy themselves with a Rabbinic Shabbos prohibition (of wearing Tefillin on Shabbos)? When the Sages saw that his mind was settled, they went up, entered, and sat before him at a distance of four Amos. He said to them: Why have you come? They said to him: We have come to learn Torah. He said to them: And until now, why did you not come? They said to him: We did not have time. He said to them: I wonder if they will die natural deaths. R. Akiva said to him: What about me? He said to him: Yours will be more severe than theirs. (R. Eliezer) raised his two arms and placed them upon his heart and said: Woe to you, my two arms, which are like two Torah scrolls that are rolled. Much Torah I have learned and much Torah I have taught. Much Torah I have learned, and I did not diminish (the difference between myself and my teachers) even like a dog lapping from the sea. Much Torah I have taught, but they did not (accept from me and) diminish (the difference between us through learning from me) except like an (eye-makeup) applicator from a tube. And not only that, but I would teach three hundred laws concerning a bright white (leprous) spot, and no person ever asked me about them. And not only that, but I would teach three hundred laws, and some say three thousand laws, concerning the planting of cucumbers, and no person ever asked me about them, except for Akiva ben Yosef. One time he and I were walking on the road. He said to me: My teacher, teach me about the planting of cucumbers. I said one thing, and the entire field filled with cucumbers. He said to me: My teacher, you have taught me their planting; teach me their uprooting. I said one thing, and they all gathered into one place. They said to him: what is the law regarding a ball, a shoe mold, an amulet or Tefillin? He said to them: They are susceptible to Tumah and they are purified as they are. What is the law regarding a shoe that is still on the mold? 'It is pure', and his soul departed in purity. R. Yehoshua stood on his feet and said: The vow is annulled; the vow is annulled. (R. Eliezer had been in excommunication since the story of the 'Achnai oven' in Bava Metzia 59b.) After Shabbos, R. Akiva encountered him between Caesarea and Lod, and he was striking his flesh until his blood flowed to the ground. He began a lament for him and said (Melachim II 2:12), "my father, my father, the chariot of Yisrael and its horsemen"; I have much money (i.e. questions to ask) but I have no money-changer to exchange it (i.e. answer them).
(a)

Why did the Chachamim sit before him at a distance of four Amos?

1.

Rashi: He was still under excommunication following the incident of the 'Oven of Achnai' (Bava Metzia 59b), when he rejected the Sages' ruling despite the principle that the Halacha follows the majority. Since it is forbidden to come within four amos of a person who has been placed under excommunication, the Sages sat at that distance.

(b)

Why did R. Eliezer answer "Yours is more severe than theirs" when R. Akiva asked how he would die, and why did R. Akiva even ask this question?

1.

Aruch LaNer: In Pesachim 69a, R. Eliezer had already told R. Akiva, "Your death will be by the sword." Yet Berachos 61b records that R. Akiva was actually martyred through the far harsher torture of iron combs. The statement in Pesachim established R. Akiva's original sentence. Later, however, because R. Akiva stopped attending R. Eliezer after his excommunication, his punishment became more severe. Therefore, in Sanhedrin 68a, R. Akiva was asking whether this later failing had changed his original sentence, and R. Eliezer answered that it had: "Yours will be more severe than theirs."

(c)

Why did R. Eliezer compare his arms to covered Sifrei Torah?

1.

Rashi: Just as the writing of a rolled Sefer Torah is concealed, so too much of the Torah within R. Eliezer remained hidden. Because his students did not come to learn from him, it was never transmitted to others.

2.

Maharsha: He focused on his arms, because they symbolize strength and power, as they often do in Tanach. Rabbi Eliezer was lamenting not his physical arms, but his capacity to teach Torah.

3.

Margalios haYam: Since the Gemara in Sukkah 27b states that R. Eliezer never taught anything he had not heard from his teachers, he compared his arms to Sifrei Torah because his teachings reflected faithful tradition rather than new interpretation.

(d)

Why did R. Eliezer compare what he learned from his teachers to a dog lapping from the sea, but what his students learned from him to an applicator drawing from a tube? What is the significance of these contrasting images?

1.

Maharsha: Rabbi Eliezer compares himself to a dog lapping water from the sea because he is willing to use a somewhat degrading image about himself to emphasize how little others learned from him. But when speaking about his students, he uses the more respectful image of an applicator dipped into a tube, avoiding a demeaning comparison. Furthermore, the first metaphor is more extreme - a dog's lick does not diminish the sea at all, whereas the second implies that the students took only a tiny, although measurable, amount from him.

(e)

How could R. Akiva 'strike his flesh until blood came out'? Does the Torah not prohibit this for the dead as it says, (Vayikra 19:28) "You shall not make cuts in your flesh for a person (who died)"?

1.

Ramban (Toras haAdam - Inyan Hesped DH v'Asur l'Mitlesh): The prohibition is to scratch, not to hit.

2.

Tosfos (Yevamos 13b): It was an act of mourning over the loss of Torah, not over R. Eliezer himself.

3.

Meiri (Sanhedrin 68a): The prohibition is only when it is done in front of the dead.