(Mishnah): If a woman miscarried a Shefir (the outer skin of a fetus before bones form) full of water, full of blood or full of different colors, she is not concerned lest there was a child;

If it was Merukam (it has a human form inside), she sits for (adopts the stringencies of Yoledes) male and female.

(Gemara - Beraisa): If [a Shefir] is full of water, she is Tamei Leidah. If it is full of blood, she is Tamei Nidah. If it is full of flesh, she is Tamei Nidah.

Question (Mishnah): If a woman miscarried a Shefir full of water, full of blood or full of different colors, she is not concerned lest there was a child.

Answer #1 (R. Bivi citing Reish Lakish): Our Mishnah discusses when it is clear. The Beraisa discusses when it is cloudy.

Answer #2 (R. Simon citing R. Yehoshua ben Levi): [The Beraisa] could even discuss when it is clear. (It argues with our Mishnah.) Shefir applies only to people (but if an animal miscarried a Shefir, it is not considered a child to exempt from Bechorah. If it was cloudy, this suggests that there was a fetus, and it dissolved);

It says "b'Shumi Anan Levusho va'Arafel Chasulaso'' - Levusho is the Shefir, and va'Arafel Chasulaso is the Shilya.

Question: If the form of a Shefir was ruined, what is the law?

Answer #1 (R. Yochanan): It is a child.

Answer #2 (Reish Lakish): It is not a child.

Question (Reish Lakish, to R. Yochanan): What is the difference between this, and a Mes that decayed and its skeleton is not intact?

Answer (R. Yochanan): According to letter of the law, even if its skeleton is intact, it is Tahor. Why did they say that it is Tamei? It is due to his honor. However, here it is a child.

What is a Shefir Merukam that they said? Its initial creation is the size of a locust.

Its two eyes like two eyes of a fly. Its two nostrils are like two eyes of a fly. Its mouth extends like [the size of] a barley seed. Its Ever is the size of a lentil. If it is a female, its [genital] opening is stretched like a barley seed, [split] along its length.

(Beraisa - R. Yonason): We see its two arms like red threads, and the rest of its limbs are unformed and connected. Its hands and feet are not yet opened (formed).

It says about it "Galmi Ra'u Einecha v'Al Sifrecha Kulam Yikasevu Yamim Yutzru v'Lo Echad Bahem'' (Hash-m saw when I was like a formless Golem).

We do not check it in water, for it is strong, and clouds it. Rather, [we check it] in oil, for it is slow [to descend] and makes clear. We check it only in the sun.

Question (Rav Yehudah, to Shmuel): Because I am expert, can I see Simanim of a Shefir [to rule whether or not it was Merukam]?

Answer (Shmuel): The head of your head (Mar Ukva, the Reish Galusa, has authority over me, and I am your Rebbi) will be scalded in boiling (if he rules improperly. You should not rule, so that) you not be scalded even in mildly hot water!

(R. Chiya citing R. Yochanan): These women, who say that [a Shefir shaped like] a male snail, [the fetus was] a male, and [if it is like] a female snail, [the fetus was] a female, we do not rely on them (to rule that she is Vadai Yoledes Zachar, or Vadai Yoledes Nekevah).

(R. Yakov bar Zavdi citing R. Avahu citing R. Yochanan): A woman is believed to say 'I gave birth [to something for which there is Tum'as Leidah' or 'I did not give birth', but she is not believed to say if it was male or female (they are not experts to know this).

(Mishnah): If a woman miscarried a Sandal (a fetus that was mashed) or a Shilya (fetal sac) she sits for (adopts the stringencies of Yoledes) male and female.

If a Shilya (fetal sac) is in a house, the house is Tamei;

This is not because a Shilya is a child, rather, because there is always a child with it.

R. Shimon says, perhaps the child dissolved (and was Batel in Dam Leidah) before it left!

(Gemara - R. Ba citing Rav Yehudah): A Sandal results only because a live [fetus] crushed it. [Normally] it does not come out with a live [baby], rather, with a Mes (Nefel).

Question (R. Bun bar Chiyah - R. Bun bar Chiyah - Mishnah): If a woman miscarried a Sandal or a Shilya, she sits for male and female. This shows that it is a child! (A Tosefta (4:8) teaches that there is always a child with a Sandal. Why does a Mishnah in Kerisus say that she brings a Korban for a Sandal? In any case she brings a Korban for the child!)

Answer #1 (Rav Huna): I answered this in front of R. Yirmeyah - the case is, the child came out from the wall (Caesarian section), and the Sandal came out from the womb.

Answer #2: The child was born within Meleis (80 days of the birth of a girl, so no additional Korban is brought for the child. The Sandal was born after Meleis (so a Korban is brought for it by itself).

Answer #3: The child was born before the mother converted (so she does not bring a Korban for it). The Sandal was born after she converted.

Answer #4: You can even say that both of them were born from the womb, and both after she converted. The case is, the child came out first, she separated a Korban for it, and before she brought it, the Sandal was born and the first Korban was Nidcheh (disqualified, for now she must bring also for the Sandal, and it was not separate for this). It turns out that she brings a Korban due to the Sandal.