(Mishnah): (Concerning the prohibition of grafting two species of trees) Agasim (pear) with Krustamalin (a type of small pear) and Prishim (quince) with Ozradin (sorb apple) are not Kilayim with each other.

Tapuach (apple) with Chizrar (wild apple), Afarsekim (peach) with Shekedim (almond) and Shezafin with Rimin are Kilayim even though they are similar to each other.

(Gemara): Prishim - R. Yona said that they are Asparalgin. Why are they called Prishim? As there is no other fruit that is 'Perish' - set aside only for cooking as this. (It cannot be eaten raw.)

Shalman bar Levi, the brother of Zavdi bar Levi said from R. Yehoshua ben Levi - all of the Mishnah's examples are taught in pairs. Rav said that all of them are one type.

Question #1: There is a Baraisa unlike Rav, as it taught 'even Bechayim' (may be planted with all of these species. This shows that they are all considered one type).

Question #2 (R. Yosi bei. R. Bun): Similarly, a Baraisa taught that even Rogyanim may be planted with them...?

Answer (Tosefta): In the marketplaces of Tziporin, they would graft Krustamalin (a type of apple) with Agas (pear). One student saw them and told them that it is forbidden for them to graft them. They went and chopped them down. They later came and asked in Yavneh (whether this student was correct) and they were told that this student was a student of Beis Shammai (but that is not the Halacha).

He only taught that Krusmil with Agas is permitted, but Agas with Chizrar is prohibited.

Within the boundaries of Ariach, they would graft Tapuach with Chizrar. A student came and told them that it's forbidden. They went and chopped them down. They later came and asked in Yavneh and they were told that the student had instructed them well.

He only taught that Tapuach with Chizrar is prohibited, but Chizrar with Agas is permitted...? (This contradicts the previous statement.)

Rebuttal: The story happened to occur with Tapuach and Chizrar, but Agas with Chizrar is also prohibited.

Tosefta: If a gentile grafted walnut onto peach, even though a Jew may not do this, he may then take a branch of it and replant it elsewhere.

What type of fruit comes from such a grafting? Kardia Parsekia (a type of peach that calms the heart. This fruit, however, is now Kilayim with both peach and walnut.)

If one grafted Tarid (beets) with Darkon, even though a Jew may not do so, he may take seeds from it and plant it elsewhere.

What type of fruit comes from such a grafting? Krusbalanin (wild beets).

If one grafted Zargon with Lefes (turnip), they produce Petar Pitra. If one grafted Silinon Luzon and Botmin, they produce Pistakin. If one grafted olives and Rimin, they produce Shizafin.

(Mishnah): Tzenon (radish) with Nafus; Chardal (mustard) with Lafsan; Greek Dala'as with Mitzris and Remutza - even though they are similar, they are Kilayim.

(Gemara) (R. Yonasan): For some of the cases (listed in our Perek), we follow the appearance of the fruit (to decide if there is an issue of Kilayim) and for others we follow the leaves. For Lefes with Tzenon, we follow the fruit; for Lefes with Nafus, we follow the leaves.

Question: Tzenon and Nafus - their fruits and their leaves are similar and the Mishnah nevertheless taught that they are Kilayim?

Answer (R. Yona): We only follow the appearance of the fruit and leaves when their taste is similar; but since Tzenon and Nafus are very different in taste, they are not the same species and are Kilayim with each other.