(c)What is the basis of the Machlokes between the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel, according to the first Lashon (bearing in mind that d'Ayt'ra is K'rum ve'Niklaf, but not Tosav)?
(d)Why then, do even the b'nei Eretz Yisrael agree that de'Aksh'sa is forbidden?
1)
(a)The definition of...
1. ...de'Aksh'sa is - the fat that lies outside the bow (the Keivah which is shaped like a bow).
2. ...d'Ayt'ra is - the fat that lies inside the bow.
(b)d'Ayt'ra' is - a derivative of the word Yeser (meaning string).
(c)The basis of the Machlokes between the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel, according to the first Lashon (bearing in mind that d'Ayt'ra is K'rum ve'Niklaf, but not Tosav) is - whether we rule like Rebbi Yishmael (the b'nei Bavel) or Rebbi Akiva (the b'nei Eretz Yisrael).
(d)On the other hand, even the b'nei Eretz Yisrael agree that de'Aksh'sa is forbidden - because it is Tosav as well (since even Rebbi Akiva will agrees that it is Asur.
2)
(a)According to the second Lashon, both the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel permit d'Ayt'ra. Why is that?
(b)And they argue over de'Aksh'sa. What is the basis of their Machlokes?
(c)Why must Rav Nachman hold like the first Lashon and not like the second?
(d)Rebbi Ami (quoted by Rav Ivya) and Rebbi Yanai were both b'nei Eretz Yisrael. What did they mean when they said 'Mekamtzin'?
2)
(a)According to the second Lashon, both the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel permit d'Ayt'ra - because they both hold like Rebbi Akiva.
(b)And they argue over de'Aksh'sa - which is joined to the Keivah and which the b'nei Eretz Yisrael do not therefore consider Tosav, though the b'nei Bavel do.
(c)Rav Nachman must hold like the first Lashon - because according to the second Lashon, since he holds that de'Aksh'sa blocks the hole, certainly d'Ayt'ra does, so what is it that does not block the hole according to him?
(d)Rebbi Ami (quoted by Rav Ivya) and Rebbi Yanai were both b'nei Eretz Yisrael. When they said 'Mekamtzin' - they meant that one cuts a little of the top away, since the Cheilev of the Kerev lies on top of it.
3)
(a)Rav Ivya saw Rebbi Ami actually eating a piece of d'Ayt'ra after some of the fat just above it had been removed. What did Rebbi Chanina comment, when he saw his Shames hesitate to remove the fat and serve him the d'Ayt'ra?
(b)So what did he instruct him to do?
3)
(a)Rav Ivya saw Rebbi Ami actually eating a piece of d'Ayt'ra after some of the fat just above it had been removed. When Rebbi Chanina saw his Shames hesitate to remove the fat and serve Him the d'Ayt'ra - he commented that he must be from Bavel, where they forbid the d'Ayt'ra ...
(b)... so he instructed him to cut it away and throw it out.
4)
(a)What does Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel in a Beraisa say about a hole in the intestines that is blocked by internal fluid? How does Rav Kahana describe that fluid?
(b)What did Rebbi Zeira the Chaver of Rebbi Aba learn from Rebbi Aba (or Rebbi Aba the son of Rebbi Chiya bar Aba the Chaver of Rebbi Zeira, from Rebbi Zeira)?
(c)He also learned from him that the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon regarding Aveilus. What distinction does the Tana Kama in the Mishnah in Mo'ed Katan, draw between an Aveil who arrives at the mourner's house from close by, and one who arrives from far? What is considered close by'?
(d)What does he say about an Avel who arrives after three days?
(e)What does Rebbi Shimon say?
4)
(a)Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel rules in a Beraisa - that a hole in the intestines which is blocked by internal fluid is considered blocked, and the animal is Kasher. Rav Kahana describes that fluid as - a viscous fluid that is attached to the inside of the intestines, and which is difficult to extract.
(b)Rebbi Zeira the Chaver of Rebbi Aba learned from Rebbi Aba (or Rebbi Aba the son of Rebbi Chiya bar Aba the Chaver of Rebbi Zeira from Rebbi Zeira) that - the Halachah is like Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel by a T'reifah.
(c)He also learned from him that the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon regarding Aveilus. The Tana Kama in the Mishnah in Mo'ed Katan rules that - an Aveil who arrives at the mourner's house from close by - within a day's (walking) journey, observes the Aveilus together with the other Aveilim, whereas one who arrives from far must observe a full seven days from scratch.
(d)An Aveil who arrives after three days, he says - must keep the full seven days, irrespective of where he comes from.
(e)According to Rebbi Shimon however - if he comes from close by, then even if he arrives on the seventh day, he counts together with the other Aveilim.
5)
(a)What did an anonymous Talmid hope to do if and when he went to Eretz Yisrael?
(b)What did Rebbi Aba b'rei de'Rebbi Chiya bar Aba reply when the Talmid asked him whether it was true that he rules Halachah ke'Rebbi Shimon ben Gamliel bi'Tereifos?
(c)Whether or not, the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon be'Aveil is a Machlokes Amora'im. We ultimately rule like Rebbi Shimon, based on a principle of Shmuel. What did Shmuel say about Aveilus?
5)
(a)An anonymous Talmid hoped that if and when he went to Eretz Yisrael - he would hear directly from the mouth of Rebbi Aba b'rei de'Rebbi Chiya bar Aba exactly what he said regarding the two current rulings.
(b)When the Talmid ultimately asked him whether it was true that he said 'Halachah ke'Rebbi Shimon ben Gamliel bi'Tereifos' - he replied that, on the contrary, he ruled that the Halachah was not like him.
(c)Whether or not, the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon be'Avel or not is a Machlokes Amora'im. We ultimately rule like Rebbi Shimon, based on a principle of Shmuel, who said - 'Halachah ke'Divrei ha'Meikal be'Aveil'.
6)
(a)Rav Shimi bar Chiya holds Makifin bi'Venei Me'ayim. What did Rava's son, Rav Mesharshaya do, after his father had compared an intestine with a hole to another hole which they cut beside it after the Shechitah, and found them dissimilar?
(b)On what did he base what he did?
(c)What did Rava subsequently declare?
6)
(a)Rav Shimi bar Chiya holds Makifin bi'Venei Me'ayim. After Rava had compared an intestine with a hole to another hole which they cut beside it after the Shechitah, and found them dissimilar, his son, Rav Mesharshaya - handled the area of a Safek (in the way that the Shochet and the examiners would have done), as a result of which it resembled the second hole (and they therefore declared it Kasher).
(b)He based what he did - purely on logic.
(c)Rava subsequently declared that - his son was an expert in T'reifos like Rebbi Yochanan (either in T'reifos, or in all areas of Halachah).
7)
(a)Rebbi Yochanan and Rebbi Elazar both hold Makifin be'Re'ah. To which parts of the lung does this apply?
(b)How did Rava qualify this ruling?
(c)On what condition do we rule Makifin even from one row to another?
(d)What does mi'Dakah le'Dakah'and mi'Gasah le'Gasgah in this context mean (other than from Una to Una or from Uma to Uma on the same animal)?
(e)On what grounds do we reject the former interpretation?
7)
(a)Rebbi Yochanan and Rebbi Elazar both hold Makifin be'Re'ah - regarding those parts of the lung that one cannot assume to have been handled by the Shochet (otherwise we would take for granted that this was how the lung became punctured, and declare the animal Kasher anyway).
(b)Rava qualified this ruling - by confining it to a hole in the same row.
(c)We rule Makifin however even from one row to another - provided it is mi'Dakah le'Dakah or mi'Gasah le'Gasah (but not if it is mi'Gasah le'Dakah or vice-versa).
(d)mi'Dakah le'Dakah and miGasah le'Gasgah in this context (other than from Una to Una or from Uma to Uma on the same animal) means - from one small animal or from one large animal to another.
(e)We reject this latter interpretation however - because it is too radical.
8)
(a)Abaye and Rava hold Makifin be'Kaneh. What T'reifus are we referring to? To what does one compare the Safek?
(b)How does Rav Papa qualify this ruling?
(c)We do not however, rule like Rav Papa. What *do* we rule?
(d)What is a bar Chulya?
(e)In which case do we then concede Ein Makifin?
8)
(a)Abaye and Rava hold Makifin be'Kaneh, with regard to - either where Rov is broken or there is a flap in the Kaneh, which one compares to a similar cut that one subsequently makes a little further along the same Kaneh (and the Safek is Kasher, if it resembles the freshly made one).
(b)Rav Papa qualifies this ruling - by requiring the subsequent cut to be effected on the same Chulya (group of three rings).
(c)We do not however, rule like Rav Papa, only - Makifin even from one Chulya or from one bar Chulya to another.
(d)bar Chulya is - the strip of flesh that runs between the Taba'os and underneath them.
(e)And we concede that Ein Makifin - from a Chulya to a bar Chulya, or vice-versa.
9)
(a)Ze'iri holds Chalcholes she'Nikvah, Kesheirah. What is a Chalcholes?
(b)Why is it Kasher?
(c)In explaining this ruling, what distinction does Rebbi Ila'i Amar Rebbi Yochanan draw between the area where the Chalcholes cleaves to the thighs and there where it doesn't?
(d)When the Rabbanan cited this ruling to Rava in the name of Rav Nachman, Rava commented 'Lo Tislu bei Buki S'riki'? What are 'Buki S'riki'?What did he mean?
9)
(a)Ze'iri holds 'Chalcholes - the rectum) she'Nikvah, Kesheirah ...
(b)... because it is held tight by the thighs (and there is nowhere else for the excrement to exit).
(c)In explaining this ruling, Rebbi Ila'i Amar Rebbi Yochanan draws a distinction between the area where the Chalcholes cleaves to the thighs - permitting the animal even if the majority has been punctured, and outside that area, where even a hole the size of a Mashehu is T'reifah.
(d)When the Rabbanan cited this ruling to Rava in the name of Rav Nachman, Rava commented 'Lo Tislu bei Buki S'riki' - (Do not attribute to him empty jars), by which he meant that they should not talk nonsense (by misquoting Rav Nachman.
10)
(a)What did Rav Nachman really say?
(b)A K'dei Tefisah of the Chalcholes however, must remain intact. What is a K'dei Tefisah?
(c)What Shi'ur does Abaye give that is equivalent to a K'dei Tefisah?
(d)To which size animal does this apply?
10)
(a)What Rav Nachman really said was that - in the area where the Chalcholes is held by the thighs, even if it is completely removed, the animal is Kasher ...
(b)... provided a K'dei Tefisah of the Chalcholes remains intyact, which means as much as one can hold with one's fingers.
(c)The Shi'ur that Abaye gives that is equivalent to a K'dei Tefisah is - a finger-breadth ...
(d)... even with regard to the Chalcholes of an ox.
50b----------------------------------------50b
11)
(a)Our Mishnah lists the inner Keres that has been punctured, among the T'reifos. Rav Yehudah Amar Rav defines this as Sanya Divi (the caecus, [the large back part of the Keres]). Besides possibly meaning the hated stuff that drips from there (because it is the area where the Shochtim cut it open), why is it called by that name?
(b)Rav himself cited the testimony of Rav Nasan bar Shilo in the name of Rebbi Nasan. Who was Rav Nasan bar Shilo?
(c)Rebbi Yishmael defines the inner Keres as Istumcha de'Keres (the opening of the Keres, which is next to the heart [Aruch]). Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan explained that it is a narrow part of the Keres, but that he did not know where it was. What did Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak comment on that?
(d)How does Rav Acha bar Rav Iva in the name of Rav Asi define the narrow part of the Keres?
11)
(a)Our Mishnah lists the inner Keres that has been punctured, among the T'reifos. Rav Yehudah Amar Rav defines this as Sanya Divi (the caecus [the large back part of the Keres]). Besides the possibly meaning the hated stuff drips from there [because it is the area where the Shochtim cut it open]) it is called by that name - because it is so foul-tasting that even the wolves detest it (Divi = Ze'evim).
(b)Rav himself cited the testimony of Rav Nasan bar Shilo - the head Shochet in Teverya, in the name of Rebbi Nasan.
(c)Rebbi Yishmael defines the inner Keres as Istumchah de'Keres (the opening of the Keres, which is next to the heart [Aruch]). Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan explained that it is a narrow part of the Keres, but that he did not know where it was. Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak commented on that - 'Nafal K'reisa be'Bira' (the Keres fell in the pit), meaning that since he did know where it was, he may as well not have stated his opinion.
(d)Rav Acha bar Rav Iva in the name of Rav Asi defines the narrow part of the Keres as - from the point where the Keres begins to get narrow as it approaches the Veshet.
12)
(a)Rebbi Ya'akov bar Nachmeni Amar Shmuel defines the inner Keres as Makom she'Ein bo Milas, and Ravina Amar G'niva as the last Tefach of the Veshet before the Keres, which we already discussed earlier in the Perek). What does Makom she'Ein bo Milas mean?
(b)In Eretz Yisrael, they cited Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina, who described the inner Keres as the whole Keres. Then what does the Tana consider the outer Keres?
(c)According to Rabah Rav Huna, the inner Keres is what is known as Mifra'ata. How does Rav Ivya explain Mifra'ata?
(d)What did the Shochtim of Neherda'a used to do?
12)
(a)Rebbi Ya'akov bar Nachmeni Amar Shmuel defines the inner Keres as Makom she'Ein bo Milas - an area that is devoid of the fluff which covers most of the Keres, and that one removes with boiling water, and Ravina Amar G'niva, as the last Tefach of the Veshet before the Keres (which we already discussed earlier in the Perek).
(b)In Eretz Yisrael, they cited Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina, who described the inner Keres as the whole Keres. The Tana considers the outer Keres - the thick membrane that covers most of the Keres (the abdominal wall which runs underneath the majority of the paunch).
(c)According to Rabah Rav Huna, the inner Keres is what is known as Mifra'ata, which Rav Ivya explains as - the underside of the Keres which is facing the ground (in fact, at the time that it is cut open, it faces the Shochet [note, that we generally translate Tavcha as 'Shochet', even though it can also mean 'butcher').
(d)The Shochtim of Neherda'a, who ruled like Rabah bar Rav Huna - used to declare a hole anywhere in the Mifra'ata, T'reifah.
13)
(a)Rav Ashi asked Ameimar how all the above opinions compared with the Mifra'ata. Why specifically Ameimar?
(b)Four of the above opinions concur with Rabah bar Rav Huna (since they appear the moment the Shochtim cut open the stomach (whilst the animal is hanging by its hind legs. One of the two opinions that disagree with him is that of Rav Avina (alias Ravina ['Tefach be'Veshet ha'Samuch le'Keres']). What is the other?
(c)How about the opinion of Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan ('Makom Tzar Yesh be'Keres'), who was unable to pinpoint where it was? What did Rav Iva Amar Rav Asi say"
(d)What is the Halachah ...
1. ... in this regard?
2. ... regarding examining for T'reifos? For which T'reifos do we search?
13)
(a)Rav Ashi asked Ameimar how all the above opinions compared with the Mifra'ata - because Ameimar lived in Neherda'a.
(b)Four of the above opinions concur with Rabah bar Rav Huna (since they appear the moment the Shochtim cut open the stomach (whilst the animal is hanging by its hind legs. The only two opinions that disagree with him are that of Rav Avina (alias Ravina ['Tefach be'Veshet ha'Samuch le'Keres']) and - the B'nei Ma'arva ('Kol ha'Keres Kulo').
(c)The opinion of Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan ('Makom Tzar Yesh be'Keres') too - concurs with Rabah bar Rav Huna, since, even though *he* was unable to pinpoint where it was, Rav Iva Amar Rav Asi defined it as 'min ha'Meitzar u'le'Matah' (which corresponds to the area mentioned by Rabah bar Rav Huna).
(d)The Halachah ...
1. ... in this regard is that - we follow all the opinions le'Chumra, and a hole anywhere in the Keres renders the animal T'reifah.
2. ... regarding examining for T'reifos is that - we do not search for T'reifos (since the majority of animals are not T'reifah), except for the lungs, where Sirchos are common.
14)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah, in our Mishnah (in connection with she'Nikra Keres Chitzonah) commented 'ha'Gedolah Tefach, ha'Ketanah be'Rubah'. How does Rebbi Binyamin bar Yefes Amar Rebbi Elazar establish ...
1. ... ha'Gedolah Tefach?
2. ... ha'Ketanah be'Rubah?
(b)Why does the latter statement appear to be obvious?
(c)How do we therefore establish 'ha'Ketanah be'Rubah' to explain the Chidush?
14)
(a)Rebbi Yehudah, in our Mishnah (in connection with she'Nikra Keres Chitzonah) commented 'ha'Gedolah Tefach, ha'Ketanah be'Rubah'. Rebbi Binyamin bar Yefes Amar Rebbi Elazar establishes ...
1. ... ha'Gedolah Tefach as - an animal whose Keres Chitzonah (Basar ha'Chofeh es Rov ha'Keres) is more than two Tefachim (so that a tear of a Tefach is less than Rov).
2. ... ha'Ketanah be'Rubah as one - where a tear of Rov is less than a Tefach (which means that the Keres is less than two Tefachim).
(b)The latter statement appears to be obvious - because it conforms to the well-known principle 'Ruba ke'Kula.
(c)To explain the Chidush, we therefore establish 'ha'Ketanah be'Rubah' - where the Rov is only very slightly less than a Tefach, in which case we might have thought that unless it is torn a Shi'ur Tefach, it is not a T'reifah.
15)
(a)Geniva Amar Rebbi Asi 'Nikd'ra ke'Sela (a hole the size of a Sela), T'reifah'. Why is that, bearing in mind that this is less than a Tefach?
(b)How did Geniva himself explain this to Rebbi Chiya bar Aba, whilst they were standing on the bridge of Neherda'a?
(c)Rav Yosef defined this Shi'ur as three date-pits be'Tzipa. What does be'Tzipa mean?
(d)What alternative Shi'ur did he give?
15)
(a)'Geniva Amar Rebbi Asi, Nikd'ra ke'Sela (a hole the size of a Sela), T'reifah' (despite the fact that this is less than a Tefach) - because if one were to stretch the skin until it becomes elongated, it would be at least a Tefach long.
(b)Geniva himself explained to Rebbi Chiya bar Aba, whilst they were standing on the bridge of Neherda'a that - when Rebbi Asi said 'ke'Sela', he meant more than a Sela (because exactly a Sela would be Kasher).
(c)Rav Yosef defined this Shi'ur as the size of three date-pits be'Tzipa - the animal will be T'reifah if it is possible to stick either three date-pits with the remains of the date still stuck to them through the hole, albeit with difficulty ...
(d)... or three smooth date-pits without difficulty.
