1)

(a)The definition of...

1. ...de'Aksh'sa is - the fat that lies outside the bow (the Keivah which is shaped like a bow).

2. ...d'Ayt'ra is - the fat that lies inside the bow.

(b)d'Ayt'ra' is - a derivative of the word Yeser (meaning string).

(c)The basis of the Machlokes between the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel, according to the first Lashon (bearing in mind that d'Ayt'ra is K'rum ve'Niklaf, but not Tosav) is - whether we rule like Rebbi Yishmael (the b'nei Bavel) or Rebbi Akiva (the b'nei Eretz Yisrael).

(d)On the other hand, even the b'nei Eretz Yisrael agree that de'Aksh'sa is forbidden - because it is Tosav as well (since even Rebbi Akiva will agrees that it is Asur.

2)

(a)According to the second Lashon, both the b'nei Eretz Yisrael and the b'nei Bavel permit d'Ayt'ra - because they both hold like Rebbi Akiva.

(b)And they argue over de'Aksh'sa - which is joined to the Keivah and which the b'nei Eretz Yisrael do not therefore consider Tosav, though the b'nei Bavel do.

(c)Rav Nachman must hold like the first Lashon - because according to the second Lashon, since he holds that de'Aksh'sa blocks the hole, certainly d'Ayt'ra does, so what is it that does not block the hole according to him?

(d)Rebbi Ami (quoted by Rav Ivya) and Rebbi Yanai were both b'nei Eretz Yisrael. When they said 'Mekamtzin' - they meant that one cuts a little of the top away, since the Cheilev of the Kerev lies on top of it.

3)

(a)Rav Ivya saw Rebbi Ami actually eating a piece of d'Ayt'ra after some of the fat just above it had been removed. When Rebbi Chanina saw his Shames hesitate to remove the fat and serve Him the d'Ayt'ra - he commented that he must be from Bavel, where they forbid the d'Ayt'ra ...

(b)... so he instructed him to cut it away and throw it out.

4)

(a)Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel rules in a Beraisa - that a hole in the intestines which is blocked by internal fluid is considered blocked, and the animal is Kasher. Rav Kahana describes that fluid as - a viscous fluid that is attached to the inside of the intestines, and which is difficult to extract.

(b)Rebbi Zeira the Chaver of Rebbi Aba learned from Rebbi Aba (or Rebbi Aba the son of Rebbi Chiya bar Aba the Chaver of Rebbi Zeira from Rebbi Zeira) that - the Halachah is like Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel by a T'reifah.

(c)He also learned from him that the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon regarding Aveilus. The Tana Kama in the Mishnah in Mo'ed Katan rules that - an Aveil who arrives at the mourner's house from close by - within a day's (walking) journey, observes the Aveilus together with the other Aveilim, whereas one who arrives from far must observe a full seven days from scratch.

(d)An Aveil who arrives after three days, he says - must keep the full seven days, irrespective of where he comes from.

(e)According to Rebbi Shimon however - if he comes from close by, then even if he arrives on the seventh day, he counts together with the other Aveilim.

5)

(a)An anonymous Talmid hoped that if and when he went to Eretz Yisrael - he would hear directly from the mouth of Rebbi Aba b'rei de'Rebbi Chiya bar Aba exactly what he said regarding the two current rulings.

(b)When the Talmid ultimately asked him whether it was true that he said 'Halachah ke'Rebbi Shimon ben Gamliel bi'Tereifos' - he replied that, on the contrary, he ruled that the Halachah was not like him.

(c)Whether or not, the Halachah is like Rebbi Shimon be'Avel or not is a Machlokes Amora'im. We ultimately rule like Rebbi Shimon, based on a principle of Shmuel, who said - 'Halachah ke'Divrei ha'Meikal be'Aveil'.

6)

(a)Rav Shimi bar Chiya holds Makifin bi'Venei Me'ayim. After Rava had compared an intestine with a hole to another hole which they cut beside it after the Shechitah, and found them dissimilar, his son, Rav Mesharshaya - handled the area of a Safek (in the way that the Shochet and the examiners would have done), as a result of which it resembled the second hole (and they therefore declared it Kasher).

(b)He based what he did - purely on logic.

(c)Rava subsequently declared that - his son was an expert in T'reifos like Rebbi Yochanan (either in T'reifos, or in all areas of Halachah).

7)

(a)Rebbi Yochanan and Rebbi Elazar both hold Makifin be'Re'ah - regarding those parts of the lung that one cannot assume to have been handled by the Shochet (otherwise we would take for granted that this was how the lung became punctured, and declare the animal Kasher anyway).

(b)Rava qualified this ruling - by confining it to a hole in the same row.

(c)We rule Makifin however even from one row to another - provided it is mi'Dakah le'Dakah or mi'Gasah le'Gasah (but not if it is mi'Gasah le'Dakah or vice-versa).

(d)mi'Dakah le'Dakah and miGasah le'Gasgah in this context (other than from Una to Una or from Uma to Uma on the same animal) means - from one small animal or from one large animal to another.

(e)We reject this latter interpretation however - because it is too radical.

8)

(a)Abaye and Rava hold Makifin be'Kaneh, with regard to - either where Rov is broken or there is a flap in the Kaneh, which one compares to a similar cut that one subsequently makes a little further along the same Kaneh (and the Safek is Kasher, if it resembles the freshly made one).

(b)Rav Papa qualifies this ruling - by requiring the subsequent cut to be effected on the same Chulya (group of three rings).

(c)We do not however, rule like Rav Papa, only - Makifin even from one Chulya or from one bar Chulya to another.

(d)bar Chulya is - the strip of flesh that runs between the Taba'os and underneath them.

(e)And we concede that Ein Makifin - from a Chulya to a bar Chulya, or vice-versa.

9)

(a)Ze'iri holds 'Chalcholes - the rectum) she'Nikvah, Kesheirah ...

(b)... because it is held tight by the thighs (and there is nowhere else for the excrement to exit).

(c)In explaining this ruling, Rebbi Ila'i Amar Rebbi Yochanan draws a distinction between the area where the Chalcholes cleaves to the thighs - permitting the animal even if the majority has been punctured, and outside that area, where even a hole the size of a Mashehu is T'reifah.

(d)When the Rabbanan cited this ruling to Rava in the name of Rav Nachman, Rava commented 'Lo Tislu bei Buki S'riki' - (Do not attribute to him empty jars), by which he meant that they should not talk nonsense (by misquoting Rav Nachman.

10)

(a)What Rav Nachman really said was that - in the area where the Chalcholes is held by the thighs, even if it is completely removed, the animal is Kasher ...

(b)... provided a K'dei Tefisah of the Chalcholes remains intyact, which means as much as one can hold with one's fingers.

(c)The Shi'ur that Abaye gives that is equivalent to a K'dei Tefisah is - a finger-breadth ...

(d)... even with regard to the Chalcholes of an ox.

11)

(a)Our Mishnah lists the inner Keres that has been punctured, among the T'reifos. Rav Yehudah Amar Rav defines this as Sanya Divi (the caecus [the large back part of the Keres]). Besides the possibly meaning the hated stuff drips from there [because it is the area where the Shochtim cut it open]) it is called by that name - because it is so foul-tasting that even the wolves detest it (Divi = Ze'evim).

(b)Rav himself cited the testimony of Rav Nasan bar Shilo - the head Shochet in Teverya, in the name of Rebbi Nasan.

(c)Rebbi Yishmael defines the inner Keres as Istumchah de'Keres (the opening of the Keres, which is next to the heart [Aruch]). Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan explained that it is a narrow part of the Keres, but that he did not know where it was. Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak commented on that - 'Nafal K'reisa be'Bira' (the Keres fell in the pit), meaning that since he did know where it was, he may as well not have stated his opinion.

(d)Rav Acha bar Rav Iva in the name of Rav Asi defines the narrow part of the Keres as - from the point where the Keres begins to get narrow as it approaches the Veshet.

12)

(a)Rebbi Ya'akov bar Nachmeni Amar Shmuel defines the inner Keres as Makom she'Ein bo Milas - an area that is devoid of the fluff which covers most of the Keres, and that one removes with boiling water, and Ravina Amar G'niva, as the last Tefach of the Veshet before the Keres (which we already discussed earlier in the Perek).

(b)In Eretz Yisrael, they cited Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina, who described the inner Keres as the whole Keres. The Tana considers the outer Keres - the thick membrane that covers most of the Keres (the abdominal wall which runs underneath the majority of the paunch).

(c)According to Rabah Rav Huna, the inner Keres is what is known as Mifra'ata, which Rav Ivya explains as - the underside of the Keres which is facing the ground (in fact, at the time that it is cut open, it faces the Shochet [note, that we generally translate Tavcha as 'Shochet', even though it can also mean 'butcher').

(d)The Shochtim of Neherda'a, who ruled like Rabah bar Rav Huna - used to declare a hole anywhere in the Mifra'ata, T'reifah.

13)

(a)Rav Ashi asked Ameimar how all the above opinions compared with the Mifra'ata - because Ameimar lived in Neherda'a.

(b)Four of the above opinions concur with Rabah bar Rav Huna (since they appear the moment the Shochtim cut open the stomach (whilst the animal is hanging by its hind legs. The only two opinions that disagree with him are that of Rav Avina (alias Ravina ['Tefach be'Veshet ha'Samuch le'Keres']) and - the B'nei Ma'arva ('Kol ha'Keres Kulo').

(c)The opinion of Rav Asi Amar Rebbi Yochanan ('Makom Tzar Yesh be'Keres') too - concurs with Rabah bar Rav Huna, since, even though *he* was unable to pinpoint where it was, Rav Iva Amar Rav Asi defined it as 'min ha'Meitzar u'le'Matah' (which corresponds to the area mentioned by Rabah bar Rav Huna).

(d)The Halachah ...

1. ... in this regard is that - we follow all the opinions le'Chumra, and a hole anywhere in the Keres renders the animal T'reifah.

2. ... regarding examining for T'reifos is that - we do not search for T'reifos (since the majority of animals are not T'reifah), except for the lungs, where Sirchos are common.

14)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah, in our Mishnah (in connection with she'Nikra Keres Chitzonah) commented 'ha'Gedolah Tefach, ha'Ketanah be'Rubah'. Rebbi Binyamin bar Yefes Amar Rebbi Elazar establishes ...

1. ... ha'Gedolah Tefach as - an animal whose Keres Chitzonah (Basar ha'Chofeh es Rov ha'Keres) is more than two Tefachim (so that a tear of a Tefach is less than Rov).

2. ... ha'Ketanah be'Rubah as one - where a tear of Rov is less than a Tefach (which means that the Keres is less than two Tefachim).

(b)The latter statement appears to be obvious - because it conforms to the well-known principle 'Ruba ke'Kula.

(c)To explain the Chidush, we therefore establish 'ha'Ketanah be'Rubah' - where the Rov is only very slightly less than a Tefach, in which case we might have thought that unless it is torn a Shi'ur Tefach, it is not a T'reifah.

15)

(a)'Geniva Amar Rebbi Asi, Nikd'ra ke'Sela (a hole the size of a Sela), T'reifah' (despite the fact that this is less than a Tefach) - because if one were to stretch the skin until it becomes elongated, it would be at least a Tefach long.

(b)Geniva himself explained to Rebbi Chiya bar Aba, whilst they were standing on the bridge of Neherda'a that - when Rebbi Asi said 'ke'Sela', he meant more than a Sela (because exactly a Sela would be Kasher).

(c)Rav Yosef defined this Shi'ur as the size of three date-pits be'Tzipa - the animal will be T'reifah if it is possible to stick either three date-pits with the remains of the date still stuck to them through the hole, albeit with difficulty ...

(d)... or three smooth date-pits without difficulty.