(Mishnah - Chachamim): It is until midnight.

(R. Yosa citing R. Yochanan): The Halachah follows Chachamim.

R. Yosa commanded Talmidim 'if you want to engage in Torah, first recite Keri'as Shma before midnight, and engage!'

Inference: The Halachah follows Chachamim.

Inference: It is permitted to say things after Emes v'Yatziv (do not say that after the night Keri'as Shma and its Brachos, one must go to sleep immediately without interruption).

(Beraisa): One who recited Keri'as Shma in the Beis ha'Keneses in the morning was Yotzei his obligation. [One who recited in the Beis ha'Keneses] in the evening was not Yotzei his obligation.

Question: What is the difference between one who recited in the morning and one who recited in the evening?

Answer (Rav Huna citing Rav Yosef): Why did they say that one must recite Keri'as Shma in his house in the evening? It is in order to chase away Mazikim (semi-physical damagers. If people recited Keri'as Shma at night in the Beis ha'Keneses, perhaps they would not repeat it before sleeping, for they were already Yotzei.)

Inference: One may not say things after Emes v'Yatziv.

Support: R. Shmuel bar Nachmani holds like this;

When R. Shmuel bar Nachmani descended to make a leap year, he stayed with R. Yakov Gerusah, and R. Ze'ira hid between the boxes to hear how he recited Keri'as Shma. He recited it and recited it again, until he fell asleep.

Question: What is the source [to do so]?

Answer (R. Acha and R. Tachlifta his father-in-law, in the name of R. Shmuel bar Nachman): "Rigzu v'Al Techeta'u Imru bi'Lvavchem Al Mishkavtem v'Domu Sela."

R. Yehoshua ben Levi argues, for R. Yehoshua ben Levi would recite Tehilim afterwards.

Question (Beraisa): One may not say things after Emes v'Yatziv.

Answer: He explains that this refers to Emes v'Yatziv in Shacharis;

(R. Ze'ira citing R. Aba bar Yirmeyah): Three things must be Tekef (immediately after, without interruption) - Tekef to Semichah [on a Korban] is Shechitah, Tekef to Netilas [Yadayim] is Brachah (this refers both to ha'Motzi, and Birkas ha'Mazon after Mayim Acharonim - CHAREDIM), and Tekef to Ge'ulah (Birkas Ga'al Yisrael) is Tefilah.

Tekef to Semichah is Shechitah - "v'Samach... v'Shachat";

Tekef to Netilah is Brachah - "Se'u Yedeichem Kodesh u'Varchu Es Hash-m";

Tekef to Ge'ulah is Tefilah - "Yihyu l'Ratzon Imrei Fi [... Hash-m Tzuri v'Go'ali]", and it says [in the next Perek] "Ya'ancha Hash-m b'Yom Tzarah."

(R. Yosi bei R. Bun): Anyone who does Shechitah Tekef to Semichah, no Pesul will occur in that Korban;

Anyone who fulfills Brachah (ha'Motzi) Tekef to Netilah, the Satan does not prosecute at that meal;

Anyone who fulfills Tefilah Tekef to Ge'ulah, the Satan does not prosecute [against him] on that day.

Question (R. Ze'ira): I fulfilled Tefilah Tekef to Ge'ulah, and [that day] I was conscripted to bring myrtle to the king's palace!

Answer (Talmidim): Rebbi, that is a great matter! People pay money to enter and see the palace!

(R. Ami): Anyone who does not fulfill Tefilah Tekef to Ge'ulah, what does he resemble? He is like the king's friend who knocked on the king's door. The king went to see what he requests, and he found that [the friend] went away. Also the king went away.

(Mishnah - R. Gamliel): It is until dawn.

R. Gamliel holds like R. Shimon;

(Beraisa - in the name of R. Shimon): Sometimes a person recites Shma, once before dawn and once after dawn, and fulfill his obligation for the day and for the night.

Question: R. Gamliel holds like R. Shimon regarding the night Shma - is this so even for the morning Shma, (one can be Yotzei right after dawn)?

Or, does he hold like R. Zeira taught that the brother of R. Chiya bar Ashiya and Rav Aba bar Chanah, that one who recited with Anshei Mishmar was not Yotzei, for they are early? (The coming Mishnah teaches the earliest time to recite; one is not Yotzei before this.)

A case occurred in which [R. Gamliel's] sons came... (he told them, if dawn did not come, you are obligated to recite it now).

R. Gamliel argues with Rabanan, and ruled in practice like himself.

Question: R. Meir argues with Rabanan, and he did not rule in practice like himself! R. Akiva argues with Rabanan, and he did not rule in practice like himself!

We find that R. Meir argued with Rabanan, and he did not rule in practice like himself;

(Beraisa): We may anoint Alavantis (wine mixed with oil and water) for a Choleh on Shabbos. When is this? It is if he mixed the wine and oil before Shabbos, but if he did not mix them before Shabbos, it is forbidden.

(Beraisa - R. Shimon ben Elazar): R. Meir permits to mix wine and oil and to anoint [it] on a Choleh on Shabbos;

Once, [R. Meir] was sick, and we wanted to do so for him. He did not allow us.

We told him, Rebbi, you are Mevatel your words in your lifetime! (If you do not rely on your opinion, everyone will follow Chachamim!)

He told us, even though I am lenient for others, I am stringent for myself, for my colleagues argue with me.

We find that R. Akiva argued with Rabanan, and he did not rule in practice like himself;

(Mishnah): A spine and skull from two Mesim, a Revi'is of blood from two Mesim, a Rova (quarter Kav of bones) from two Mesim, a limb of a Mes from two Mesim (half the limb from each), a limb of a Chai from two Mesim - R. Akiva is Metamei [b'Ohel], and Chachamim are Metaher;

(Beraisa): A case occurred in which they brought a box of bones from Kefar Tavi and left them in the Avir (a place without a roof over it - R. SHLOMO SIRILIYO, from TOSFOS) of the Beis ha'Keneses in Lud. Tudrus the doctor entered, and all the doctors entered with him;

Tudrus the doctor: There is not a spine from one Mes, and not a skull from one Mes.

They said, since there are Metaherim and there are Metam'im, we will take a vote. They began with R. Akiva, and he was Metaher.

They said to him, since you were Metamei, and [now] you were Metaher, it is Tahor.

We find that R. Shimon argued with Rabanan, and he did not rule in practice like himself;

(Mishnah - R. Shimon): All Sefichim (things that grew in the sixth year, and were picked in Shemitah) are permitted, except for Sefichim of cabbage (it grows quickly, and one cannot tell if it grew in the sixth or seventh year. We do not decree about other species), for there is nothing like it in field vegetables.

Chachamim say, all Sefichim are forbidden.

R. Shimon ruled in practice [like Chachamim] in Shemitah. He saw a man gathering Sefichim of Shevi'is. He said to him, is it not forbidden? Are they not Sefichim?!

The man (to R. Shimon): Do you not permit?

R. Shimon: Do not my colleagues argue with me?! (The man continued gathering. R. Shimon) applied to him "u'Foretz Geder Yishchenu Nachash", and so occurred to him (a snake bit him. We explained this like R. SHIMSHON.)

Implied question: R. Gamliel argues with Rabanan, and ruled in practice like himself [unlike R. Meir, R. Akiva and R. Shimon]!

Answer #1: Here is different, for [reciting Keri'as Shma] is learning (even if it he was not Yotzei, there is no loss).

Rejection: If so, they could read even after dawn! (Rather, he ruled like himself.)

Answer #2: There, [R. Meir, R. Akiva and R. Shimon] were able to fulfill Divrei Chachamim. However, here midnight already passed, and they could not fulfill Divrei Chachamim. [Therefore,] he told them to do like himself.