Mishnah (Beis Shamai) - Spices may be crushed in a wooden grinder but salt may only be crushed in earthenware with a wooden ladle (since the salt could have been crushed before Yom Tov).

(Beis Hillel): There is no change required for crushing spices while salt requires a wooden grinder.

(Gemara): Why not crush it before Yom Tov? (Why do Beis Hillel permit it on Yom Tov?)

Answer #1 (Chevraya quoting R. Yochanan): If it would be crushed before Yom Tov, it would be bitter to use.

Answer #2 (R. Zeira quoting R. Yochanan): It loses its taste. (Accordingly, even bitter spices may be crushed on Yom Tov.)

Shmuel would crush salt on the side of the grinder.

Rav: All foods that are usually ground may be ground in the regular fashion.

Rav Chuna/ R. Yirmiyah/ R. Imi quoting R. Yochanan: Garlic, cress, and mustard may be crushed in the regular fashion.

R. Abahu quoting R. Yochanan: One who makes Aluntin (old wine, clear water and Aparsamon) on Shabbos is liable for mixing it (Lishah - kneading).

This implies that on Yom Tov it is permitted.

R. Chizkiyah quoting R. Yirmiyah: It is prohibited to make Aluntin on Yom Tov because of mixing.

Query (Yitzchak Dihava to R. Yochanan): May one crush Kunditun (a mixture of wine, honey and spices) on Yom Tov?

R. Yochanan responded: It is permitted - (and if you are doubtful), give it to me and I will drink it.

R. Abahu quoting R. Yehoshua ben Levi: It is permitted.

R. Zeira asked R. Abahu: Should one who wishes to act correctly crush Kunditun before Yom Tov (as on Yom Tov is prohibited)?!

R. Abahu replied: Yes.

Question: The opinion of R. Abahu has been reversed - there he said (to Yitzchak Dihava) that it is permitted; here he said (to R. Zeira) that it is prohibited (and one should crush it before Yom Tov)?!

Answer: Since R. Abahu knew that R. Zeira was stringent and the custom in that place was to be stringent, he was stringent like them (although the according to the letter of the law, it is permitted).

Some explain R. Zeira's comment (see (n)) to R. Abahu as follows - One who wants to make good Kunditun should not crush it early (as the taste becomes diminished).

R. Zeira asked Kalla the Southerner, a servant of R. Yehudah HaNasi, whether R. Yehudah would grind a Kunditun soup on Yom Tov.

Kalla replied: Yes, and many types of roots and spices that color food.

R. Yitzchak/ R. Elazar quoting R. Imi, father of R. Avudama of Tzipori: Beis Shamai and Beis Hillel disagree over crushing salt for roasting. However, even Beis Shamai permit crushing a small quantity to flavor a dish.

Query (R. Nachum/ R. Shmuel bar Aba): It is prohibited to crush spices for hard dough, if he wishes to dry it in an oven to make Kutach (as he could have crushed it before Yom Tov). However, to do so in order to cook the dough in a pot, it is permitted.

Conclusion of query: But is it permitted if he wishes to dry a small quantity of dough to eat it immediately with Kutach? (This remains unresolved.)

(Mishnah): One who selects beans on Yom Tov - Beis Shamai says that he may select the food from the refuse and eat.

Beis Hillel: He selects in his regular way, into his lap or into a pot but not on a board nor with a sieve or sifter.

Rabban Gamliel: He may even submerge the beans in water and then draw out the refuse.

(Gemara - R. Yona): According to Beis Shamai, if on Shabbos, he selected the food from the refuse and ate, would he be liable for the Melachah of Borer?

(Answer - R. Yosa): Why not? According to Beis Hillel, if he did so on Shabbos (the case that Beis Hillel permit doing on Yom Tov), would he not be liable? Here also, he is liable.

R. Mana: My father, R. Yona, spoke correctly - it is only a question according to Beis Shamai. Why would it be permitted on Yom Tov but not on Shabbos?

If one separated food from other food - Chizkiyah said that he is liable (as the food that he rejects is viewed as refuse); R. Yochanan said that he is exempt.(They only disagree if he selects it for later; but if he selects it to eat immediately, all agree that it is permitted.)

Question: There is a Beraisa that disagrees with Chizkiyah - he may select and eat or select and leave on the table.

Answer (R. Bun bar Chiya quoting R. Shmuel bar R. Yitschak): The Beraisa can be referring to when the guests are eating them as soon as he leaves them on the table (in which case he is selecting for immediate use).

Question (Continues the Beraisa): As long as he does not select that entire type (and separate one type from the other. Rather, he may only select to eat or to leave on the table to eat).

(The Beraisa ends): If he did this (selected the entire type) on Shabbos, he is liable.

According to Chizkiyah, the reason he is liable is because he is selecting in the regular fashion on Shabbos (by taking food from food).

According to R. Yochanan, the reason is because if he selects elsewhere in the regular fashion he is liable, so here he is liable (Since he is leaving some behind on the table so it looks like he is taking refuse from food.)

Question: According to Chizkiyah, would one be liable for selecting round items from round items or pomegranates from pomegranates?

Conclusion of question: If yes, what about separating people from amongst other people?! (The Gemara does not answer this.)

What do we conclude from this? All agree to R. Imi (to be stringent)....

R. Imi once had guests. He brought out for them Lupin beans together with their refuse (also edible).

He said to them - Be sure to eat the 'refuse' at the end (and remove the food from the refuse to eat now).

Beraisa: One may not select, grind or sift on Yom Tov. One who performs one of these - on Shabbos he would receive stoning and on Yom Tov he would receive 40 lashes.

Question (Mishnah): (Beis Hillel say) One may select in the regular fashion (on Yom Tov) into his lap or into a pot...?

Answer (R. Chanina of Antanaya): That Beraisa is the opinion of Rabban Gamliel who said that one can only soak until the refuse floats to the top.

Question - Beraisa: The people of the House of Rabban Gamliel would grind peppercorns in their millstones. Could it be permitted to grind but prohibited to select?

Answer (R. Yosi bei R. Bun): They actually grinded in an irregular fashion.

Question: What is the source that one may not select, grind or sift on Yom Tov?

Answer (R. Acha quoting R. Shimon ben Lakish): The Pasuk states (Shemos 12, 16), "...no Melacha may be performed on them''; and the following Posuk states, "and you shall guard the Matzos''. We learn from this that only from the stage of kneading onwards is permitted but before that is prohibited.

Question (R. Yosi): Is it not the phrase between these two phrases that teaches the permission to prepare food on Yom Tov?

Answer: Rather, R. Yosi quoted R''SBL differently - the Pasuk states (ibid), "except you may make for yourselves that which every person eats'', and the following Pasuk states, "and you shall guard the Matzos''.

Beraisa (Chizkiyah): "Except'' and "that alone'' exclude reaping, grinding and sifting on Yom Tov.

R. Zeira/R. Chiya bar Ashi quoting Rav: One who (is Meshamer) strains wine from sediment (on Shabbos or Yom Tov) is liable.

R. Zeira: It is more logical to say that it is the Melacha of sifting.

R. Yona/R. Yosa: Originally, we said that R. Zeira was correct - just as with sifting, the flour is below and the coarse flour is on top; so one who does Meshamer, the wine is below and the sediment is on top.

However, we were wrong - (as we see that one may not perform Meraked but one may strain wine. This shows that straining is Borer - selecting, rather than sifting). Borer is permitted as one may select in the regular fashion into one's lap or a pot. Straining is permitted as one may put wine into a strainer on Yom Tov.

As R. Chanina bar Yaka quoted Rav Yehuda as saying - one may not sift for a second time on Yom Tov, but one may sift through the back of the sifter.

So if you say that Meshamer is liable for sifting, it will be prohibited on Yom Tov.

R. Yosi bei R. Bun: The statement (2.) in the name of Rav Yehuda that one may sift through the back of a sifter does not follow the Tana R. Yehuda, as the Beraisa teaches - R. Yehuda says that they even permitted 'preparations for food preparation'.

(According to the Rabbanan who disagree with R. Yehuda) we have a question - may one sift for the second time through the back of a sifter?

(Mishnah): Beis Shamai say - One may only send portions of food on Yom Tov (that are ready to eat).

Beis Hillel say - One may send animals, wild animals and birds, whether alive or slaughtered.

One may send wines, oils and fine flours, but not grains (as they may not be ground on Yom Tov). R. Shimon permits sending grains.

(Gemara - Question): According to Beis Shamai, may one send a large thigh but not a small kid?!

Answer (R. Yehudah): It is not logical to say that according to Beis Hillel he may carry the animal on his shoulders (as it looks like weekday activity); rather, he may pull the animal along. (Some explain that R. Yudan is referring to the opinion of Beis Shamai - they only prohibited carrying live animals but they permit pulling them along.)

The reason that it is permitted to pull along is that one also pulls along his animal to take it to drink (so it does not look suspicious).

R. Hoshiya Rabbah to R. Yehudah HaNasi: Did you hear from your father whether or not it is permitted to move a chicken on Yom Tov?

R. Yehudah replies: It is known that if it is ready for slaughtering it is permitted, otherwise it is not (so why are you doubtful?)

Question: Aren't all chickens ready for slaughtering?

Answer: His question was in a case when it is definitely set aside for laying eggs rather than slaughtering. R. Yehudah answered that in that case it will be prohibited.

R. Yehudah whispered it to R. Hoshiya.

R. Hoshiya asks him: Why are you whispering it?

R. Yehudah responds: Just as I heard it from my father in a whisper, I am telling it to you in a whisper.

Beraisa: One may send wheat in the form of Asisiyos (a dish that contains whole wheat seeds), (whole) beans that are eaten by Ludians, and barley that is animal fodder. (This follows R. Shimon who holds that animal fodder is not Muktzah.)

Was it not taught in the name of R. Shimon - the Pasuk states (Shemos 12, 16), "to all souls'' - this includes even souls of animals (i.e. it is permitted for animal food).

R. Shimon follows R. Akiva his teacher's opinion. Just as R. Akiva said that "to all souls'' includes the souls of animals, so R. Shimon agrees.