Answer #1: It is Chachamim (Daf 10b) who permit redeeming the extra Ketores and giving it to the workers.

Rejection: Ketores never gets a Mum, therefore they must stipulate, so it may be redeemed;

We have no source that they stipulate to permit redeeming a Tam animal. We could wait until it gets a Mum!

Answer #2: It is Chachamim (11b) who permit redeeming a Tam red heifer.

Rejection: Perhaps only there they stipulate, because it is very expensive.

Answer #3: It is Rabanan who asked R. Shimon why he permits using goats of Rosh Chodesh for Yom Kipur. (They permit because Hekdesh buys on condition.)

Rejection: Granted, if Rabanan hold like R. Yehudah (that the goats atone for different things), they must hold that Hekdesh buys on condition;

However, perhaps Rabanan hold like R. Meir, that all the goats atone for the same thing!

Answer #4: R. Yochanan had a tradition that Chachamim say that Hekdesh buys on condition, and (Tosfos - he derived from our Mishnah) that R. Shimon argues.

Question: According to R. Shimon, what do we do with the extra lambs for the Tamid?

Answer (R. Yitzchak): They are brought for Nedavah (Olos when the Altar is idle).

(Rav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak): R. Shimon admits that extra Chatas goats of the Tzibur are not themselves brought for Nedavah;

Rather, they are left to graze until they get a Mum. They are redeemed, and the money goes to Nedavah.

R. Shimon permits using the same animal only when it was originally an Olah as well (e.g. the Tamid);

However, if it was originally a Chatas, the same animal is not offered for Nedavah;

This is a decree, lest it be brought before the replacement for the Chatas is offered (and then it is still a Chatas, and it is not a valid Olah).

Support #1 (Abaye - Mishnah - R. Yehudah): If the (inner) bull or goat of Yom Kipur was lost, and another was taken in its place and the lost animal was found, we leave it to die;

The same applies to goats brought for (a mistaken ruling about) idolatry.

R. Elazar and R. Shimon say, it is left to graze (until it gets a Mum; it is redeemed) and the money goes to Nedavah, because Chatas ha'Tzibur is never left to die.

Question: Why can't the found animal itself be offered?

Answer: This is a decree, lest it be brought before the replacement is offered.

Support #2 (Rava - Mishnah): If (after the lottery to determine which goat is offered to Hash-m and which is sent, one of them dies, we take two other goats and do another lottery;

One new goat will replace the dead goat; the other grazes until it gets a Mum, the money goes to Nedavah.

Question: Why can't the goat itself be offered?

Answer: This is a decree, lest it be brought before the original goat is offered.

Support #3 (Ravina - Mishnah): If Reuven separated a Korban Asham, and he died, or he lost it and offered a different animal and then found the first one, the (unneeded) Asham grazes until it gets a Mum, and the money goes to Nedavah;

R. Eliezer says, we leave the Asham to die;

R. Yehoshua says, Reuven (or his heir, if he died) uses its money to buy an Olah and brings it.

Question: Why can't the animal itself be offered for an Olah?

Answer: This is a decree, lest it be brought before the replacement is offered.

Support (Beraisa): Extra (Chatas) offerings that are not needed are brought for Kitz ha'Mizbe'ach, like Benos Shu'ach (a type of fig).

Question: "V'Chol Devash Lo Saktiru... la'Shem" (we may not offer fruit on the Altar)!

Answer (Rav Chanina): The Beraisa means, it is like figs for a person (i.e. a dessert).

(Rav Nachman bar Rav Chisda): We do not offer birds for Kitz ha'Mizbe'ach.

Rejection (Rava): This is wrong!

Objection (Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak): What is wrong with it?

(Rav Simi of Neharde'a): Extra Korbanos are used for Nedavah of the Tzibur. The Tzibur does not bring birds for Olos.

Version #1 (Rashi): Shmuel holds like R. Yochanan (that R. Shimon holds that extra lambs designated for the Tamid are brought for Olos Nedavah).

(Shmuel): Communal Korbanos may be slaughtered for something slightly different than their original designation, as long as it is similar.

Support (Beraisa): R. Shimon admits that if a goat of the Mo'ed was not offered on the Mo'ed, it may be offered on Rosh Chodesh. If it was not offered on Rosh Chodesh, it may be offered on Yom Kipur, and if not then, on the next Mo'ed, and if not, on the following Mo'ed, for it was originally designated to be brought on the outer Altar.

Version #2 (Tosfos) Shmuel holds like R. Yochanan (that Chachamim hold that Hekdesh purchases on condition, extra Tamid Korbanos can be redeemed Tam).

(Shmuel): Korbanos Tzibur may be changed from their original designation until they are slaughtered.

(Beraisa): R. Shimon admits that if a goat of the Mo'ed was not offered on the Mo'ed, it may be offered on Rosh Chodesh, and if not, on Yom Kipur, and if not, on the next Mo'ed, and if not, on the following Mo'ed, for it was originally designated to be brought on the outer Altar. (Some explain that this is a support for Rav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak, who says that R. Shimon admits that extra Chata'os Tzibur are not themselves brought for Nedavah.)

(Mishnah): The inner goat and Yom Kipur atone for intentional Tum'ah in the Mikdash or with Kodshim.

Question: What is the source of this?

Answer (Beraisa): "V'Chiper Al ha'Kodesh mi'Tum'os Bnei Yisrael...";

"Umi'Pisheihem" refers to intentional sins. "Chatosom" refers to unintentional sins.

(Mishnah): The goat sent to Azazel atones for all other transgressions, light or severe, intentional or unintentional, (whether or not the person knows he sinned, Lav or Aseh, even what is punishable by Kares or death)...

Question: The Mishnah teaches the same things in different ways!

A light sin is a Lav or Aseh. A severe sin is one punishable by Kares or death!

Intentional is when he knows that he sinned. Unintentional is when he does not know!

Answer (Rav Yehudah): The Mishnah teaches as follows. The goat sent to Azazel atones for all other transgressions, light or severe, intentional or unintentional;

The unintentional sins are whether or not the person found out that perhaps he sinned (e.g. one of two pieces of meat was Chelev, and he is unsure which he ate. Normally, the doubt obligates him to bring an Asham.)

A light sin is a Lav or Aseh. A severe sin is one punishable by Kares or death.

Question: What is the case of an Aseh?

If he did not repent, Korbanos do not atone for him - "Zevach Resha'im To'evah"!

If he repented, he got atonement immediately!

(Beraisa): If one transgressed an Aseh and repented, he is forgiven immediately.