1)

(a)We already cited the Beraisa (in the previous Perek) which gives the Shiur for carrying soaked dyes on Shabbos as - the amount that one would need to dye a sample for the dyer to show his customers.

(b)Our Mishnah nevertheless gives the Shiur for carrying out the raw materials for dye-making as enough to dye a small piece of material to cover a woman's head-netting - because nobody would take the trouble to carry out such a small amount of raw materials (as cited by the Beraisa with regard to ready-made dyes).

2)

(a)Urine is no longer fit to be used for washing clothes - after forty days.

(b)'Neser' in our Mishnah is a type of Alexandrian earth called 'nitrum'. 'Boris' ...

1. ... cannot possibly be sand, because the Tana of a Beraisa lists both Boris and sand.

2. ... cannot be sulfur either, because Boris is listed among those items included in the Dinim of Shemitah, which in turn, are confined to things that grow from the ground (which sulfur does not).

(c)Boris is in fact - a cleansing herb called 'Ohel'.

(d)The Beraisa nevertheless lists Ohala as well Boris - because there are two kinds of Ohala, one of which is called Boris.

3)

(a)Ashlag is also known as Sh'luf Dutz (also a cleansing herb) which one obtains - from the pearl inside which it grows, by making a hole in one, and removing it with a pointed instrument.

4)

(a)Our Mishnah gives the Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... pepper-corns, tar, spices and metal on Shabbos - as a 'Kol she'Hu' (the smallest conceivable amount), as it does ...

2. ... stones of the Mizbei'ach and dust from Sifrei-Torah and their mantles.

(b)The reason that one is Chayav for the latter cases is - because the people tend to put them away in order to place them in Genizah.

(c)Rebbi Yehudah learns from the Pasuk "ve'Lo Yidbak be'Yadcha Me'umah min ha'Cherem" - that even the smallest amount of Avodah Zarah is important in the eyes of the its adherents, for which reason one is Chayav for carrying it out on Shabbos.

(d)One can use ...

1. ... one pepper-corn - to place in one's mouth to negate a foul odor.

2. ... a small amount of tar as a cure for when half the head aches.

5)

(a)Someone who carries out the smallest amount of Rei'ach Ra, Argaman and Besulas ha'Vered is Chayav.

1. Rei'ach Ra is - a sharp spice that one burns to produce smoke, to chase away the demons, Argaman or Besulas ha'Vered.

2. Argaman is - the plant from which purple dye is manufactured.

3. Besulas ha'Vered is one petal of a rose, which was used for its aroma (see also Masores ha'Shas).

6)

(a)The minimum Shiur Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar gives for carrying out a small piece of metal is - sufficient to make the goad of a plow.

(b)According to Acherim in a Beraisa, someone who makes a vow to donate metal to Bedek ha'Bayis, has to give a square Amah According to Acherim in a Beraisa, someone who makes a vow to donate metal to Bedek ha'Bayis, has to give a square Amah, which Bedek ha'Bayis would use - for the 'Kalya Orev' (a series of sharp metal plates, each one measuring a square Amah, and was fitted with nails, and used to cover the roof of the Beis Hamikdash, to prevent ravens from resting on it and making it dirty.

(c)If someone made a vow to donate copper, the Tana Kama obligates the Noder to donate copper to the value of a silver Ma'ah (a small coin).

(d)Rebbi Eliezer gives the Shiur as sufficient to make a fork, which was used - to trim and clean the wicks of the Menorah.

7)

(a)Mekek Sefarim is - the edges of old Sefarim, that crumble with age and turn into dust;

(b)The T'chach of silks, the Ila of grapes, the Peh of figs and the Heh of pomegranates are all fruit-worms -( as a matter of fact [in fact, Mekek Sefarim is a worm too].

(c)When one of Rebbi Yochanan's Talmidim complained that there were thorns in the figs that he was eating - Rebbi Yochanan exclaimed that Peh had killed him.

8)

(a)Our Mishnah discusses someone who carries a Kupas ha'Ruchlin - a peddler's box, containing a series of small boxes, each one with a different bundle of spice.

(b)For carrying out a Kupas ha'Ruchlin on Shabbos, one is Chayav - only one Chatas.

(c)The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... cucumbers, pumpkins and Egyptian-bean seeds is just two seeds - despite the fact that the Shiur for other garden seeds (according to the Tana Kama) is a little less than a ki'Gerogeres - because they are more Chashuv.

2. ... garden seeds, according to Rebbi Yehudah ben Beseira, is five seeds.

3. ... seeds for eating is - a ki'Gerogeres.

(d)The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... a live Kasher locust - is a 'Kol Shehu'.

2. ... a dead Kasher locust - is a ki'Gerogeres.

3. ... a live or dead Tzipores Keramim - is the amount that one needs to implement its curing properties'.

(e)The Shiur of a live locust differs from that of a dead one - because a dead locust is fit only for eating, whereas they tended to designate live ones for little children to play with.

9)

(a)We already learned in the previous Perek that, according to Rebbi Akiva, someone who carries out sufficient manure or fine sand to fertilize one cabbage stalk is Chayav. The Rabbanan give the Shi'ur as - one leek.

(b)To reconciles this with our Mishnah, which requires less than a ki'Gerogeres (which is more than just one seed), Rav Papa explains - that our Mishnah is speaking about seeds that have not yet been planted, and nobody would take the trouble to plant just one seed.

10)

(a)The Shiur for carrying out date-pits ...

1. ... for planting - is two pits;

2. ... for animal food - is enough to fill the mouth of a Chazir i.e. one pit. (The dates in those days must have been very much larger than those of today).

3. ... for fuel - is enough to burn a ki'Gerogeres of a chicken's egg.

4. ... as counters (as a Siman how many coins he is owed) - according to the Tana Kama, is two.

(b)Rebbi Meir gives the Shiur for the latter as five - because up to four, one tends to remember easily, and no Siman is required.

(c)The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... hair from a horse's tail or from that of a cow - is two strands:

2. ... hard fibers from the spine of a Chazir - is one fiber.

3. ... thick fiber from a date-palm - is two fibers.

4. ... thin fiber from a date-palm - is just one fiber.

(d)The above are used for net-making, by leather makers in connection with the threads, to make wickerwork baskets and to sew the ends of a split pumpkin together, respectively.

11)

(a)The Tzipores Keramim is to be found, says Abaye - perched on a young date-palm on which only one creeper has already grown.

(b)Eating the right half of it - will open a stopped-up heart (i.e. someone who can make no progress in his learning).

(c)One would then place the remaining left half of the locust in a copper pipe, which they would seal with many seals. Then they would suspend it on the fellow's left arm.

(d)The Pasuk in Koheles that serves as a Siman for this is "Leiv Chacham li'Yemino, ve'Lev K'sil li'S'molo", in that where the cure is for a person whose heart (which is on the left side) is foolish, one ties it on the left arm.

12)

(a)According to Rebbi Yehudah, someone who carries out a live, non-Kasher locust, is Chayav. The Rabbanan maintain that one would not give a non-Kasher bird to a child to play with, in case the bird dies, and he eats it. Consequently, one would be Patur for carrying it out, because it has no Chashivus.

(b)Rebbi Yehudah maintains - that, should the locust die, the child will cry over its demise, rather than eat it.

13)

(a)The reason that we initially give to explain the Tana Kama is - because we are afraid that he may come to eat it whilst it is still alive.

(b)And we reject that contention on the basis of a statement of Rav, when a Shushiva - a species of Kasher locust, once rested on Rav Kahana's mouth.

(c)Rav instructed Rav Kahana to remove it - because (even though it is not subject to the Isur of Eiver min ha'Chai) it is nevertheless forbidden to eat it alive because of the La'av of "bal Teshaktzu" (not to do things that are disgusting).

(d)This disproves our original interpretation of the Tana Kama - since we now see that eating a creature alive is not confined to a Tamei species (which Rebbi Yehudah and the Tana Kama are arguing over).

14)

(a)We therefore ascribe the Isur of the Tana Kama to the fact - that the child may eat it after it dies.

(b)Rebbi Yehudah however, maintains - that if the locust dies, the child is more likely to eulogize it than eat it. Note, that even though Beis-Din are not obligated to stop a child from eating non-Kasher foods, it is forbidden to place an Isur into his hand.

15)

(a)We have already learned that someone who stores away less than a Shiur of any commodity, will be Chayav if he subsequently carries it out. If somebody else carries it out however - he is Patur.

(b)If however, he then changes his mind, and decides to use the object for the purpose for which it was initially designated - his latter thought will override his former one, in which case - he will not be Chayav for carrying it back.

(c)The reason that the Tana finds it necessary to present a case where the owner placed the commodity into storage (rather than where he simply carried out a small amount specifically for sowing, as a sample or for a cure) is - to teach us that even though he subsequently forgot why he put it away, he will nevertheless be Chayav when he carries it, because when someone does something absentmindedly, he does it with the intention that he originally had in mind. Consequently, when he carries it out, he automatically so with the intention for which he placed it in storage for, even though he cannot recall what it was.