(Mishnah): Any Mitzvah that is not dependent on the land applies both inside and outside the Land of Israel.

Any Mitzvah that is dependent on the land applies only in the Land of Israel, except for Orlah (fruits of a tree within its first 3 years) and Kilayim (mixed seeds).

R. Eliezer: Even Chadash (the prohibition to consume new produce before the Omer offering has been brought on the 2nd day of Pesach - also applies outside of the Land).

(Gemara): The pasuk states (Devarim 12, 1), "These are the laws and ordinances that you shall guard to perform in the Land'' - in the Land you must perform them but not outside of the Land.

Question: One could still say that Mitzvos dependent on the land only apply in the Land but perhaps even Mitzvos that are not dependent on the land also only apply in the Land...?

Answer: The pasuk states (Devarim 11, 16-18), "Beware of yourselves, lest your heart be seduced...and the wrath of Hash-m will flare up...you shall place these words'' - even in exile.

The pasuk states (ibid), "You shall place these words of Mine on your hearts and on your souls'' - to what is this referring?

Answer: For example, to don Tefilin and learn Torah (that these Mitzvos also apply outside of the Land). Just as Tefilin and Torah learning do not depend on the land and also apply outside of the Land, so all Mitzvos that do not depend on the land also apply outside of the Land.

Question: Since the Mitzvos dependent on the land did not apply in exile, even after the Jews were redeemed (when the second Temple was built) they should have remained exempt (as the pasuk depended those Mitzvos on only the first time that the Jews arrived in the Land)?

Answer: The pasuk states (Nechemya 8, 17), "The entire congregation that had returned (from captivity made sukos and dwelt in sukos; as the Children of Israel had not do so since the time of Yeishua bin Nun until that day etc.)

Question: Why did the pasuk to refer to him as Yeishua, instead of his regular name Hoshea or Yehoshua?

Answer (Hillel son of R. Shmuel bar Nachman): The Torah faulted the honor of this righteous man in the grave rather than during his lifetime (since the honor of Ezra was even greater in his return to Israel than the honor of Yehoshua bin Nun)...

Conclusion of answer to (i): The arrival of the Jews to the Land of Israel at the time of Ezra is compared to their arrival at the time of Yehoshua - just as at the time of Yehoshua they had been exempt from Mitzvos dependent on the land and when they arrived they became obligated in them, so too at the time of Ezra.

Question: What was the level of the obligation they received at the time of Ezra - Torah or Rabbinic?

Answer (R. Yosi bei R. Chanina): It was a Torah obligation, as the pasuk states (Devarim 30, 5), "Hash-m your G-d shall bring you to the Land that your forefathers inherited, and you shall inherit it (He will do good to you and increase you more than your forefathers)'' - the Torah compares your inheritance (at the time of Ezra) to that of your forefathers (at the time of Yehoshua). Just as your forefathers' inheritance was on a Torah level, so too your inheritance at the time of Ezra.

"He will do good to you and increase you more than your forefathers'' - They were originally exempt and they became obligated but you were obligated and became exempt and again became obligated.

Your forefathers did not have a gentile king rule over them, but returned even though you have a gentile king ruling over you.

Your forefathers only became obligated (in separating tithes) after 14 years - 7 years of conquering and 7 years of dividing the land; but for you, one by one you acquired and became obligated. (In all of these ways Hash-m did good to you.)

R. Elazar disagrees: They accepted upon themselves to tithe (when they returned at the time of Ezra).

Question: What is the source for this?

Answer: The pasuk states (Nechemya 10, 1), "But despite all of this, we are making a faithful covenant and signing it etc.'' (and it states later in pasuk 38, "and that we will bring the first of our dough and our separated portions...of the fruits etc.'')

Question: How does R. Elazar learn the previous pasuk (37), "...and to bring the firstborn of our cattle and our flocks''?

Answer: Once they accepted upon themselves things that were not obligatory, Hash-m viewed even the obligatory things as if they had voluntarily accepted them upon themselves.

Question: How does R. Yosi bei R. Chanina learn the earlier pasuk (1), "But despite all of this, we are making a faithful covenant and signing it etc.''?

Answer: Once they happily accepted them upon themselves, Hash-m viewed them as if they had even accepted upon themselves the separation of tithes.

Question: How does R. Elazar learn the word "more than your forefathers'' (in the earlier pasuk in Devarim 30, 5)?

Answer: It refers to in the future, as R. Chelbo/ R. Shimon bar Ba said, citing R. Yochanan - Your forefathers inherited a land of the 7 nations and in the future, you will inherit a land of 10 nations - the other three are (Bereishis 15, 19), "the Kini, the Kenizi and the Kadmoni''.

Opinion #2 (R. Yuda): The other three are Shalma'ah, Arabia and Navtaya.

Opinion #3 (R. Shimon): Asia, Astatya and Darmesek.

Opinion #4 (R. Eliezer ben Yaakov): Asia, Kartigna and Turkey.

Opinion #5 (Rebbi): Edom, Moav and Reishis Bnei Amon.

"More than your forefathers'' - even though your forefathers were redeemed, they again were enslaved; but when you will we be redeemed, you will not become enslaved.

Question: What is the source for this?

Answer: The pasuk states (Yirmiyah 30, 6), "Ask now and see if a male has even given birth'' - just as a male has never given birth, so too when you will be redeemed, you will never become enslaved.

The Mishnah taught: Except for Orlah and Kilayim. R. Eliezer said - Chadash also applies outside of the Land.

Question: What is R. Eliezer's source?

Answer: The pasuk states (Vayikra 23, 14), "...in all of our dwelling places'' - both in the Land and outside of the Land.

Question: How do the Rabbanan learn that phrase?

Answer: It refers to Chadash that grew in the Land and was taken outside of the Land.

Question (R. Yona): According to R. Eliezer, why did the Mishnah not also list chalah?

Answer (R. Yosi to R. Yona): The Mishnah taught Mitzvos that apply to produce of both Jews and gentiles alike; but chalah is only separated from produce grown by Jews.

Question: What is the source for this?

Answer: The pasuk states (Bamidbar 15, 20), "...the first of your kneading'' - but not the kneading of gentiles.