1)

(a)In a later Mishnah, Rebbi Yehudah will rule that if seven tribes sin be'Shig'gas Hora'ah, they bring seven bulls - because he holds that each tribe is called a Kahal ...

(b)... and Beis-Din is not obligated to bring another Par.

(c)This forces us to consider the possibility that - the author of the first of the two Beraisos currently under discussion (which holds that Beis-Din bring a Korban on behalf of the majority of the community who sinned) is not Rebbi Yehudah after all (as we assumed until now).

(d)Maybe that is why Rav Nachman Amar Shmuel establishes that Beraisa like - Rebbi Meir (and the second Beraisa like the Rabbanan).

2)

(a)We learned in a Beraisa 'Horu ve'Asu, Rebbi Meir Poter'. The Rabbanan rule - 'Horu ve'Asu, Mechayavin'.

(b)'ve'Asu' cannot pertain to ...

1. ... Beis-Din, because we learn from "ha'Kahal ve'Asu" that - it is the Beis-Din who issued the ruling, but the people who sinned.

2. ... Rov Kahal - because then why would Rebbi Meir rule 'Patur'.

(c)We therefore assume that when the Tana says "Ve'asu", he must be referring to a Yachid ...

(d)... and the basis of their Machlokes is - whether 'Yachid she'Asah be'Hora'as Beis-Din, Patur' (Rebbi Meir) or 'Chayav' (the Rabbanan).

(e)Rav Papa refutes this proof however. In his opinion, even the Rabbanan agree that 'Yachid she'Asah be'Hora'as Beis-Din Patur', and the Mishnah is speaking about 'Rov Kahal' - which is only a 'Rov' because Beis-Din sinned too, and Rebbi Meir only holds Patur because he maintains Beis-Din is not included among the sinners, even to turn a minority into a majority.

3)

(a)Alternatively, we establish the case by Rov Kahal, and the Rabbanan who say 'Chayav' are Rebbi Shimon, who holds that by Shig'gas Hora'ah, the Kahal is obligated to bring a Par as well as Beis-Din; whereas Rebbi Meir holds that - it is only the Beis-Din who brings a Chatas, and not the Kahal.

(b)Another alternative is when a tribe followed the ruling of its own Beis-Din, and the Chachamim is alias Rebbi Yehudah - who says that such a case has the Din of Shig'gas Hora'ah ...

(c)... whereas according to Rebbi Meir - it is only the rulings of the Beis-Din ha'Gadol that are subject to the Din of Shig'gas Hora'ah.

4)

(a)Finally, we suggest that the Rabbanan hold like Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar Amar Rebbi Meir - who rules that six tribes comprising the majority of K'lal Yisrael that sinned - are subject to the Din of Shig'gas Hora'ah ...

(b)... and the same applies - to seven tribes which comprise the minority ...

(c)... whereas Rebbi Meir will hold that - 'Rov Kahal' requires at least seven tribes that also comprise the majority of K'lal Yisrael.

(d)Based on the final phrase in the Pasuk in Melachim "Vaya'as Sh'lomoh ba'Eis ha'hi es ha'Chag ve'Chol Yisrael Imo K'hal Gadol mi'Lavo Chamas ad Nachal Mitzrayim ... ", Rav Asi comments that - Rov Kahal includes only those who live within the borders of Eretz Yisrael (but not those who live north of Chamas, or south of the Nile).

5)

(a)In the Mishnah in the third Perek, the Tana Kama holds that a Kohen Mashu'ach or a Nasi who sins prior to his appointment, brings a Kisbah O Se'irah, even if he only became aware of the sin afterwards. According to Rebbi Shimon - he brings a Par ...

(b)... because the Rabbanan go after the time of the sin, whereas Rebbi Shimon goes after the time that he becomes aware that he sinned.

(c)And the same Machlokes applies in our case - inasmuch as in a case where the Rov Kahal sin, and by the time they realize that they did, some of them have died, leaving them in the minority, they will bring a Par according to the Rabbanan, and a Kisbah or a Se'irah, according to Rebbi Shimon.

6)

(a)We ask whether Rebbi Shimon and the Rabbanan will also argue in the reverse case (where a minority of the Kahal sin, and only later do they become a majority) - which is possible where some of those who did not sin, subsequently die.

(b)According to Rebbi Shimon, they will be obligated to bring a Par, whereas according to the Rabbanan, they will be Patur.

(c)The basis of the She'eilah (the reason why we might think that they remain Patur even according to Rebbi Shimon) is - because, as opposed to the previous case, at the time when the Miy'ut Kahal sin, they are not Chayav at all (even according to Rebbi Shimon [see also Tosfos DH Mu'atin').

(d)We conclude that - Rebbi Shimon only speaks in a case where both the sin and the knowledge of the sin take place be'Chiyuv, but where the sin takes place without any Chiyuv, they are Patur (even according to R. Shimon).

(e)And, to prove it, we conclude 'de'im-Kein, Laysi ke'de'Hashta' meaning that - if, in such a case Rebbi Shimon went after the time that the sinner becomes aware that he sinned, why does he concede that, in a case where the Kohen Gadol only becomes aware of his sin after his appointment, he is Patur?

7)

(a)We ask what the Din will be in a case where Beis-Din rule twice that Cheilev is permitted, and each time a Miy'ut Kahal follow their ruling (making a combined total of a majority). They might not be Chayav - because the majority is made up of two different 'Yedi'os'.

(b)Assuming that the two Miy'utim do combine (seeing as they committed the same sin), they might not however do so, in a similar case, only where Beis-Din first permitted the Cheilev on the stomach, and then the Cheilev on the intestines - because the respective Isurim stem from two different Pesukim.

(c)On the assumption that they combine there as well, we ask whether a Miy'ut Kahal who follow Beis-Din's ruling permitting Cheilev, and another Miy'ut Kahal who follow their ruling permitting blood, will combine, too. We think that they ...

1. ... might not combine (in spite of the fact that they are both Chayav Kareis) - because the Isurim are inherently different, inasmuch as the Cheilev of a Chayah is permitted, whereas the blood of a Chayah is not.

2. ... might nevertheless combine - because if the same Kahal were to eat either Cheilev or Dam be'Shig'gas Ma'aseh, they would bring the same Chatas.

(d)And assuming that even they combine, we suggest that a Miy'ut Kahal who followed their ruling permitting blood, and a Miy'ut Kahal who followed their ruling permitting Avodas-Kochavim will also combine (even though they require different Korbanos [Kisbah O Se'irah and Se'irah only, respectively], as well as being different Isurin) - because they are both Chayav Kareis.

(e)The outcome of these She'eilos and of the one that follows is - Teiku.

8)

(a)We then ask, assuming that Cheilev ve'Cheilev combine, whether they will combine even if the two rulings were issued by two consecutive Batei-Din. This She'eilah is obviously not applicable - according to those who hold that it is the Beis-Din who bring the Par (and not the Kahal).

(b)They might not combine however - because, even though the Kahal is one and the same, the Yedi'ah of Beis-Din (an intrinsic requirement towards the Chiyuv) is not.

9)

(a)Rebbi Yochanan learned from the Pasuk in Vayikra "ve'Im Kol Adas Yisrael Yishgu" that - even if a hundred Dayanim are sitting in Beis-Din (see Chok Nasan), they all have to agree (to the erroneous ruling) before they will be Chayav.

(b)Based on the principle 'Rubo ke'Kulo', Rav Huna b'rei de'Rav Yehoshua proves it from the Lashon of the Pasuk "Kol Adas Yisrael" - which implies that the decision is unanimous (and that the majority will not suffice here, as it does in other cases).

(c)Our Mishnah obligates a member of Beis-Din or a Talmid who knows that Beis-Din erred, to bring a Korban, because he did not rely on Beis-Din's ruling - implying that anybody else (who does rely on Beis-Din) is Patur. This poses a Kashya on Rebbi Yochanan, according to whom this is not considered Shig'gas Hora'ah (since one of the Dayanim disagreed with the ruling [and anybody who subsequently sinned ought to be Chayav]).

(d)To answer the Kashya, we establish the Mishnah - where the Dayan disagreed with then in his heart, but nodded his head in agreement with their ruling.

10)

(a)In a case where one member of Beis-Din informs the others that they erred - the next Mishnah will absolve Beis-Din from a Korban (because that is not a proper ruling.

(b)This implies that if he had remained silent, they would be have been Chayav (even though one of the Dayanim does not agree with their ruling). Rebbi Yochanan will refute the proof from there that not all members of Beis-Din need to rule in order to be considered 'Shig'gas Hora'ah' - by again establishing the Mishnah where the Dayan nodded his head in agreement with their ruling.

11)

(a)Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and Rebbi Elazar b'Rebbi Tzadok stated the principle that - Beis-Din does not issue a decree on the community unless the majority can live with it.

(b)Rav Ada bar Aba learns this from the Pasuk "bi'Me'eirah atem Ne'arim, ve'Osi atem Kov'im, ha'Goy Kulo" which means that - Beis-Din issued a decree with a curse against the transgressor, and the people robbed Hash-m (by benefiting from the curses), but that this was only because the whole of (the majority of) the community accepted those decrees.

(c)Rav Mesharshaya finally proves Rebbi Yochanan wrong from here - seeing as the Torah uses the expression "ha'Goy Kulo", yet we interpret it to mean the majority.

(d)So we interpret "Kol Adas Yisrael" in the Pasuk in Vayikra to mean that - all seventy-one members of the Sanhedrin must be in attendance (without necessarily agreeing with the majority ruling) before it can be considered a Shig'gas Hora'ah.

12)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi states that if ten people sit to judge, they are all responsible for the outcome (and punishable should they err). This in itself is obvious, but what he is coming to teach us is that - even a Talmid who is sitting in front of his Rebbe and knowing that they have erred, opts to remain silent is included.

(b)Rav Huna would take ten Talmidei-Chachamim with him when he went to Beis-Din to adjudicate - so that each one should receive only 'sawdust from the beam' (in the event that they err, they would share the blame).

(c)Rav Ashi did a similar thing. When people brought Safek T'reifos before him to inspect - he would call ten of the town's butchers to check the animals together with him.

13)

(a)If Beis-Din erred and retracted, but meanwhile, a Yachid acted on their ruling, Rebbi Shimon in our Mishnah exempts him from a Korban. He cannot be included in the Korban that the Tzibur bring (the Par He'elam Davar) - because someone who sinned after the Tzibur realized their mistake and are already preparing to atone for it, cannot be included in their Korban ...

(b)... even though they have not yet brought it.

(c)Rebbi Elazar rules 'Safek' by which he means that - since it is a Safek whether he is Chayav Chatas or Patur, he brings an Asham Taluy.

(d)Rebbi Elazar will concede that he is Patur from a Korban however - in the event that he was overseas when the error became known.

14)

(a)Rebbi Akiva explained to ben Azai the difference between a Yachid who was sitting at home and one who went overseas - in that the former is Chayav because he should have heard about the error, whereas the latter could not have been expected to hear about it.

(b)Our Mishnah - exempts Beis-Din who erred in saying that there is no Isur Nidah, Shabbos or Avodas-Kochavim min ha'Torah from bringing a Korban.

(c)The example they give of 'Levatel Miktzas' regarding ...

1. ... Nidah is - where they rule that someone who had relations with a Shomeres Yom Keneged Yom (a woman who saw blood once or twice during the days of Zivus) is exempt from bringing a Chatas.

2. ... Shabbos is - where they rule that someone who carries from one R'shus to another is exempt from a Chatas.

3. ... Avodas-Kochavim is - where they rule that someone who prostrates himself before an Avodah-Zarah is exempt from bringing a Chatas.

(d)The Tana learns from the Pasuk "Ve'ne'elam Davar" that - Beis-Din are Chayav only if they err in a detail of a major Isur, but not if they permit the entire Isur (as we just explained).

15)

(a)According to the first Lashon of Rav Yehudah Amar Rav, Rebbi Shimon exempts the Yachid from a Korban because he acted with the sanction of Beis-Din. In the second Lashon, he ascribes it to the fact that - any ruling that Beis-Din issue publicly, transforms whoever follows it from a Meizid to a Shogeg.

(b)According to Rebbi Yehudah in a Beraisa, the Par of the Tzibur is purchased with money from the Terumas ha'Lishkah (part of the funds donated annually by the people). Rebbi Shimon says that - the money must be collected from every member of the Kahal.

(c)The problem this creates with Rav Yehudah Amar Rav (in Rebbi Shimon) is that - seeing as the Yachid in question has to pay towards the purchase of the Par He'elam Davar, how can Rebbi Shimon still consider him Taluy be'Da'as Atzmo when he subsequently sins?

(d)We answer this Kashya in three ways. 1. They claimed from him S'tam (without explaining what the money was for); 2. He was out of town when the Gaba'im claimed from all the residents - 3. Rav Yehudah Amar Rav follows the opinion of another Beraisa, which switches the two opinions, and Rebbi Yehudah is the one who holds that the money to pay for the Par is paid for by the Kahal, and it is Rebbi Shimon who holds that it came out of Terumas ha'Lishkah.

16)

(a)Our Mishnah cited the opinions of Rebbi Shimon, who exempts the Yachid (who acted on the Beis-Din's ruling after they had retracted) from a Korban, and Rebbi Elazar, who holds Safek. The Beraisa cites two additional opinions, one of them, Rebbi Meir, who says - Chayav.

(b)And it cites Sumchus who says Taluy. To distinguish between Sumchus and Rebbi Elazar, Rebbi Yochanan explains that - although his Chiyuv hangs in abeyance, he does not bring an Asham Taluy.