The Gemara in Brachos 23b brings two opinions about wearing Tefillin at the Seudah. Both say that one shouldn't wear them during the meal, but are in dispute about whether one takes them off prior to eating or puts them on the table. Rabbi Elyashiv explains that the dispute is actually regarding wearing them at Birkas Hamazon -the first view is concerned about inebriation but the second opinion says that one can wear them for Birkas Hamazon and this is appropriate. Both views agree that they shouldn't be worn at a Seudah. However this holds only for a Seudas Keva, but for minor eating they are permitted. (Orach Chaim 400. Some Acharonim say that this is only if one wears them for long periods but not if one intends to remove them immediately after eating (Shulchan Shlomo) but the Chazon Ish is lenient on this point.

The Gemara does not make an analogy to Tzitz but rather a Kal Vachomer, and since we have a rule that one cannot learn analogous rules but only chumros from a kal va'chomer, it is not possible to learn from Tzitz which according to Tosfos Yeshanim can be worn while eating even a full meal to Tefillin which have more sanctity. Moreover the reason given by Tzitz is because it says Tamid and therefore even during meals it can be worn and this doesn't apply to Tefillin. Additionally, Ritva says that Yannai is no proof as the Tzitz shouldn't be worn during a Seudah and outside the Mikdash and Yannai's behavior led the rabbis to suspect his lineage- see Kiddushin 66a)

Yoel Domb