What is "Lo Ragal Al Leshono"?
Makos 24a: Yakov illustrates "Lo Ragal Al Leshono" - he was reluctant to deceive Yitzchak (to get the Brachos). 1
Rashi: He did not slander, like "va'Yragel b'Avdecha" (Shmuel II, 19:28). Malbim - man's nature is to seek detriment about his colleague and cause harm due to [seeking his own] honor, or envy. He did not say anything that it will be Rechilus (if another repeats it).
Radak: It is Rechilus (telling bad things that others said). He did not transgress even this, which is Emes. There was no need to teach other Lavim of speech, e.g. "Lo Sa'aneh v'Re'acha [Ed Sheker]", "Elokim Lo Sekalel" (Shemos 20:13, 22:27).
Rashi (24a): His mother forced him to do so, based on a prophecy.
What is "Lo Asah l'Re'ehu Ra"?
Makos 24a: He did not adopt another's profession (where this would be unfair competition).
Radak: This refers to his friend and relatives with whom he has business dealings, or his neighbor. It discusses a common case; do not infer that he did evil to others 1 . It includes every Lav Bein Adam l'Chavero.
Malbim: Man's nature leans to [favor] his relatives and cover up for them. The verse teaches, he did not harm another, even if it would help his relative.
Radak: Similarly, "v'Lo Sonu Ish Es Amiso" (Vayikra 25:17) does not imply that one may afflict a Nochri, who is not from your nation. "Lo Sa'aneh v'Re'acha Ed Sheker" (Shemos 20:13) does not imply that one may testify falsely about one who is not Re'echa. Rather, it is a common case, for his dealings are with Re'echa. Verses speak like this in many places.
What is "V'Cherpah Lo Nasa Al Kerovo"?
Makos 24a: He draws his relatives close.
Rashi: If his relative transgressed, and deserves a punishment, he punishes him. He does not bear shame due to him, that a reviler will be able to say 'your relative Ploni transgressed, and you covered up for (improperly exempted) him.' 1
Radak: He did not revile or curse anyone, even one who cursed or harmed him. Nasa refers to speech, like "Lo Sisa Es Shem Hashem Elokecha la'Shav", "Lo Sisa Shema la'Shav (Shemos 20:7, 23:1). "Kerovo" is not precise; the verse discusses a common case (refer to 15:3:2:2 and the note there). Kerovo is his colleague, who is close to him in business dealings, or his neighbor, who is closer than others. Most of one's words and dealings are with colleagues or neighbors.
Why did this verse not mention matters of the heart?
Radak: It did not need to. Verse 2 said "v'Dover Emes bi'Lvavo" - his thoughts are Emes and just. There is no evil in them!
