[18a - 46 lines; 18b - 39 lines]
1)[line 6]חג שיש בו אסיפהCHAG SHE'YESH BO ASIFAH- a festival that occurs at a time of gathering [the grain that has been drying in the fields during the summer]
2)[line 37]מה שביעי עצורMAH SHEVI'I ATZUR- just as [on] the seventh [day of Pesach] it is forbidden to do (lit. one is held back from doing) Melachah
3)[line 40]לא מסרן הכתוב אלא לחכמים...LO MESARAN HA'KASUV ELA LA'CHACHAMIM... - the Torah has handed over to the Chachamim the right to decree which days of the festival are Yom Tov and which days are Chol ha'Mo'ed (through Kidush ha'Chodesh) and the right to decide which Melachah is forbidden on Chol ha'Mo'ed and which Melachah is permitted
Who is alexe?
4)[last line]כאן ביום טוב שחל להיות אחר השבתKAN B'YOM TOV SHE'CHAL LIHEYOS ACHAR HA'SHABBOS- that is, the year that Alexe died, Shavuos was on a weekday, and not on Shabbos. He died the day after Shavuos, which is the Yom Tavo'ach of the Korbenos Olos Re'iyah according to Beis Shamai.
18b----------------------------------------18b
5)[line 1]ולמעשר / ולתרומהTERUMAH / MA'ASER (MA'ASER SHENI)
(a)After a crop is harvested and brought to the owner's house or yard, he must separate Terumah from the crop and give it to a Kohen. Although the Torah does not specify the amount to be given, the Rabanan set the requirement at one fiftieth of the total crop.
(b)After Terumah is removed from the produce, the first tithe to be given every year is called Ma'aser Rishon; one tenth of the produce must be given to a Levi.
(c)A second tithe is given every year after Ma'aser Rishon has been separated. The tithe that is separated in the third and sixth years of the 7-year Shemitah cycle is called Ma'aser Ani and is given to the poor.
(d)The tithe that is separated during the first, second, fourth and fifth years is called Ma'aser Sheni. The Torah requires that Ma'aser Sheni be brought and eaten by its owner in Yerushalayim.
(e)Alternatively, Ma'aser Sheni produce may be redeemed, in which case the money used to redeem it is brought to Yerushalayim. If the owner himself redeems the produce, he must add an additional fifth (of the ensuing total, or a quarter of the original value). The food that is bought with this money in Yerushalayim becomes Kodesh like Ma'aser Sheni and must be eaten b'Taharah. Ma'aser Sheni that was redeemed by anyone besides the owner is exempt from the additional fifth.
6)[line 2]ולקודשKODESH- Korbanos
7)[line 2]ולחטאתCHATAS (MEI CHATAS)
1.PARAH ADUMAH - The Parah Adumah, an exclusively red-haired female cow is burned on Har ha'Zeisim and its ashes are used for making a person Tahor if he is Tamei Mes. Only a cow that has not had a yoke placed upon it and has had no other work done with it is fit to be used as a Parah Adumah. A place is prepared for its slaughter on Har ha'Zeisim, opposite the gate to the Azarah (the courtyard of the Beis ha'Mikdash). After it is slaughtered, its blood is sprinkled in the direction of the Beis ha'Mikdash seven times. A cedar branch, some Ezov branches and a piece of crimson wool are thrown into the carcass of the cow while it is burning. (Bamidbar 19:1-22)
2.MEI CHATAS - If a person (or utensil) became Tamei through touching a Mes, he must wait seven days to become Tahor. On the third and seventh days he must have spring water mixed with the ashes of the Parah Adumah (Mei Chatas) sprinkled on him. A person who is Tahor dips three Ezov branches that have been bound together into the mixture, and sprinkles them on the person who is Tamei. On the seventh day, he immerses in a Mikvah after the mixture is sprinkled on him in order to complete his Taharah. (Bamidbar 19:17-19)
8a)[line 9]בגדי עם הארץ מדרס לפרושיןBIGDEI AM HA'ARETZ, MIDRAS L'PERUSHIN- the clothes of an Am ha'Aretz, (i.e. a person who usually eats food that is Tamei) are considered by Perushim (i.e. those who usually eat their food b'Taharah) to be Tamei Midras
b)[line 9]מדרסMIDRAS
(a)A Zav who emits Zov two or three times, whether it is emitted in one day or in two or three consecutive days, is an Av ha'Tum'ah.
(b)He can cause objects that are under him to become Avos ha'Tum'ah whether he touches them or not. The objects become Tamei Midras (lit. an object that is treaded upon), otherwise known as Mishkav or Moshav ha'Zav (or the Tachton, of a Zav.) An object may become a Midras if it was made for lying, sitting, or leaning upon.
(c)A cloth must be at least three Tefachim square in order to become a Midras. A cloth that is smaller than this is Tahor due to its insignificance. Earthenware objects (Klei Cheres) cannot become Midras.
(d)A person who touches or carries a Midras is Tamei and is Metamei the clothes he is wearing and other utensils (except for earthenware utensils) that he is touching. He and the items he touches get the status of Rishon l'Tum'ah.
(e)Utensils or clothes that lie above the Zav also get the status of a Rishon l'Tum'ah, whether he touches them or not. These are called the Elyon of a Zav.
9)[line 9]פרושיןPERUSHIN- people who eat their Chulin with the stringency that applies to Terumah or Kodshim (with regard to protecting it from Tum'ah)
10)[line 13]מטפחתוMITPACHTO- his shawl or head covering
11)[line 17]והביכוריםBIKURIM
See Background to 7:2.
12)[line 17]וחומשCHOMESH (TASHLUMEI TERUMAH)
(a)After a crop is harvested and brought to the owner's house or yard, the owner must separate Terumah from the crop, which he gives to a Kohen. Kohanim and members of their households are allowed to eat Terumah, as long as they are Tehorim.
(b)If a non-Kohen eats Terumah without knowing that it is Terumah, he must replace what he ate in the form of a food that becomes Terumah (Tashlumei Terumah). He returns the amount of Terumah that he ate to the Kohen who owned the Terumah (see Insights to the Daf, Pesachim 32). In addition, he is fined another Chomesh (fifth) of the ensuing total (i.e. a quarter of the value of what he ate). This Chomesh may be paid to any Kohen (Terumos 6:2), and is not necessarily given to the Kohen who owned the Terumah that was eaten.
(c)If the person ate Terumah in an abnormal fashion, such as by drinking olive oil, he only pays the value of the Terumah that was destroyed (i.e. the normal Halachah of damages applies to him, and not the laws of Tashlumei Terumah).
(d)A non-Kohen who eats or benefits from Terumah b'Mezid (intentionally) pays the value of the Terumah destroyed (i.e. the normal Halachah of damages applies to him, and not Tashlumei Terumah), and incurs the punishment of Misah b'Yedei Shamayim (Sanhedrin 83a).
13)[line 18]ועולין באחד ומאהV'OLIN B'ECHAD U'ME'AH
(a)Terumah only becomes Batel (canceled) if one part of Terumah falls into at least 100 parts of Chulin. Even if the Terumah is Batel, it is forbidden for non-Kohanim to eat the entire mixture; the equivalent of the amount of Terumah that fell in must first be removed.
(b)If the percentage of Terumah that fell into the Chulin was greater than one in one hundred, the mixture is known as Meduma (lit. mixed) and is forbidden to be eaten by non-Kohanim.
(c)According to Tosfos in Chulin 99a DH Ein, this law applies only if the Terumah was the same type of food as the Chulin; otherwise Terumah is Batel just like any other Isur.
14)[line 24]כל הטעון ביאת מים מדברי סופריםKOL HA'TA'UN BI'AS MAYIM MI'DIVREI SOFRIM - whoever [is Tahor according to the Torah but] needs to immerse in a Mikvah (or wash his hands with Netilas Yadayim --RASHI, see Insights) by a Rabbinical decree (as listed in Shabbos 13b)
1.HA'OCHEL OCHEL RISHON - a person who eats a food that is a Rishon l'Tum'ah
2.HA'OCHEL OCHEL SHENI - a person who eats a food that is a Sheni l'Tum'ah
3.HA'SHOSEH MASHKIN TEME'IN - a person who drinks liquids that are Teme'im
4.HA'BA ROSHO V'RUBO B'MAYIM SHE'UVIN - a person who, on the day upon which he has immersed in a Mikvah, submerges most of his body and his head in water that has been drawn (see Insights to Shabbos 14:2)
5.TAHOR SHE'NAFLU AL ROSHO V'RUBO SHELOSHAH LUGIN MAYIM SHE'UVIN - a person who is Tahor, upon whom fall three Lugim of water that has been drawn (see Insights ibid.)
6.HA'OCHLIM SHE'NITME'U B'MASHKIN - food that touched liquids that were Teme'im
7.HA'KELIM SHE'NITME'U B'MASHKIN - utensils, the insides of which were touched by liquids that were Teme'im (see TOSFOS Shabbos 14b DH Ela b'Mashkin ha'Ba'in Machmas Sheretz)
8.STAM YADAYIM - a person's hands are considered to be a Sheni l'Tum'ah unless he washes them and concentrates on keeping them Tehorim from the time that they were washed and onward.
9.YADAYIM HA'BA'IM MACHMAS SEFER - a person whose hands touched one of the 24 Kisvei ha'Kodesh (see TOSFOS Shabbos 14a DH ha'Ochez)
The first seven require Tevilah, while the latter two only require Netilas Yadayim. In all of these cases, the person - or his hands - are considered to be a Sheni l'Tum'ah until he is Metaher himself.
15)[line 25]מטמא את הקודשMETAMEI ES HA'KODESH (THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TUM'AH)
(a)All objects belong to one of three categories:
1.Sources of Tum'ah
2.Objects that can become Tamei
3.Objects that cannot become Tamei
(b)All sources of Tum'ah are called Av ha'Tum'ah, except for a corpse, which can generate more Tum'ah than any other object and is therefore referred to as the "Avi Avos ha'Tum'ah."
(c)When one object makes another object Tamei, the second object has a weaker Tum'ah than the first. If something becomes Tamei from an Av, it is called a Rishon l'Tum'ah. A Rishon makes a Sheni l'Tum'ah. (Liquids are an exception to this rule. The Chachamim decreed that liquids should always be a Rishon, even if touched by a Sheni.)
(d)A Sheni l'Tum'ah cannot make Chulin Tamei mid'Oraisa. Even mid'Rabanan, there is no such thing as Shelishi l'Tum'ah with regard to Chulin. Terumah, however, can become a Shelishi l'Tum'ah. (Also, if someone guarded his Chulin from Tum'ah as one normally guards Terumah, it is called "Chulin she'Na'asu Al Taharas Terumah," and can become a Shelishi.)
(e)Terumah that is a Shelishi l'Tum'ah cannot make other Terumah Tamei. However, it may not be eaten. It is referred to as "Pasul" (invalid) rather than "Tamei." Kodesh (objects associated with the sacrifices) that is touched by a Shelishi l'Tum'ah can become a Revi'i. A Revi'i of Kodesh is also called "Pasul."
KODESH TERUMAH CHULIN |
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AVI AVOS AVI AVOS AVI AVOS |
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AV AV AV |
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RISHON RISHON RISHON |
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SHENI SHENI SHENI |
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SHELISHI SHELISHI |
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REVI'I |
16)[line 26]וחכמים אוסרים במעשרVA'CHACHAMIM OSRIM B'MA'ASER- that is, the Chachamim prohibit a person who is Tamei mid'Rabanan (a Sheni l'Tum'ah) to eat Ma'aser (even though the Ma'aser will not become Tamei through contact with a Sheni, since it cannot become a Shelishi — see Insights).
17)[line 33]דנהמאNAHAMA- bread
18)[line 36]המטביל ידיוHA'MATBIL YADAV- one who immerses his hands in a Mikvah in order to eat Kodshim