1)

(a)If the Gazlan ...

1. ... before buying the stolen field (which he had already sold to Shimon see Hagahos ha'G'ra), either sells it to Levi, bequeaths it to him in an inheritance or gives it to him as a gift it is clear that he is no longer interested in remaining on good terms with Shimon, in which case the latter will not be permitted to keep the field after the Gazlan buys it from the owner.

2. ... inherits the field that he stole and sells to Shimon the latter will not be permitted to keep the field either, since this is not the result of the Gazlan's efforts (and does not therefore indicate that he is interested in remaining on good terms with Shimon).

3. ... claims the field in lieu of a debt (that the Nigzal owed him) it depends on whether the owner owns other fields (and the Gazlan made a point of choosing the one that he sold to Shimon [a sure sign that he wants to remain on good terms with Shimon]) or not (in which case it will have the same Din as an inherited field).

(b)If he receives the very same field as a Matanah, Rav Acha and Ravina argue over whether it is as has the Din of an inherited field, or of a purchased one. Despite the fact that he did nothing to procure it, the field might nevertheless have the Din of a purchased one because if the owner then gave it to the Gazlan as a gift, we assume that the latter must have done him a favor first (an obvious effort on his part to keep in the purchaser's good books).

2)

(a)When Rav Huna says that it is only until 'Ha'amadah ba'Din' that the Gazlan wishes to remain in the purchaser's good books, he means until Shimon takes him to Beis-Din to claim compensation for the field (because the fact that the Gazlan allowed it to go so far, makes it clear that he is not interested on remaining on good terms with Shimon).

(b)Chiya bar Rav says until he receives the Adrachta the Sh'tar that Beis-Din gives Shimon authorizing him to seize a suitable field as compensation, should the Gazlan refuse to comply with their ruling to pay. This normally takes place sixty days after the initial ruling.

(c)Rav Papa has a third opinion. He gives the Gazlan another thirty days to show his goodwill, up to the time that Beis-Din actually put the field that Shimon chooses for sale on the market.

3)

(a)Rami bar Chama asked how, according to Rav, the purchaser will acquire the field. The problem is that the Sh'tar with which he originally acquired the field is now useless, so with which Kinyan does he acquire it?

(b)Rava replied that the fact that, under the circumstances, the Gazlan went on his own initiative and bought the field on behalf of the purchaser is evidence that he was Makneh the field with all his heart, in which case no Kinyan is necessary.

(c)Rav Sheishes queries Rav from a Beraisa. The Tana states there that, in a case where someone sells ...

1. ... what he stands to inherit from his father ('Mah she'Irash me'Aba ... ') or the animals that his traps will catch ('Mah she'Ta'aleh Metzudasi ... ') his words are in vain.

2. ... what he stands to inherit from his father today or the animals that his traps will catch today the Kinyan takes effect.

4)

(a)Rami bar Chama remarked that the Kashya befitted the man who asked it, to which Rava responded that Rav Sheishes was indeed a great man, but that he did not agree with his Kashya. In our case, he explained, the purchaser had good reason to rely that the Gazlan would purchase the field (in order to remain on good term's with him), whereas the purchaser in the Beraisa would not rely on the seller, because he has no guarantee that the seller's father will die, or that his traps will catch anything.

(b)When Rebbi Aba bar Zavda heard of Rav Sheishes Kashya, he exclaimed 'Zu Einah Tzerichah le'Panim!' by which he meant that there was no point in even bringing the Kashya to the Beis-ha'Medrash, since no-one would be able to answer it anyway.

(c)Rava's reaction was to reiterate what he had said to Rami bar Chama. When Rav Yosef followed in the footsteps of Rebbi Aba bar Zavda Abaye gave the same answer as Rava.

(d)Rebbi Yochanan explains that, in the Seifa of the Beraisa, where the seller added the word 'ha'Yom', the Tana validates the sale in the case of ...

1. ... 'Mah she'Irash me'Aba ... ' because of 'Kavod Aviv' (since we assume that he will need the money urgently to enable him to pay for his father's burial.

2. ... 'Mah she'Ta'aleh Metzudasi ... ' because it involves that day's Parnasah (to have the means to feed himself and his family that day).

(e)Both rulings are in fact, a Takanas Chachamim).

5)

(a)Rav Huna Amar Rav rules that if about Reuven sells Shimon the field that he is about to purchase as from now he acquires it.

(b)Rava qualifies Rav's statement by restricting it to where the seller sold him a S'tam field (since there are plenty of fields available, and the purchaser relies on the seller keeping his word), but not to where he said 'Sadeh Zu' (where the seller is at the mercy of the current owner).

(c)He does not however, accept this qualification as Halachah because he concedes that Rav cannot have said it (as we shall now see).

6)

(a)The reason that Rava does not accept his own qualification is because Rav Huna, he points out, holds like Rebbi Meir, who rules that if someone betroths a woman as from now 'after he or she converts, after he or she is set free, after her husband divorces her, or her Yavam performs Chalitzah with her or after her sister dies' the Kidushin is valid.

(b)This proves that Rav statement must have incorporated 'Sadeh Zu' because regarding most of the cases in the Beraisa, the Mekadesh is dependent upon someone else's actions (to set him or her free ... ), which is similar to 'Sadeh Zu', yet Rebbi Meir holds 'Mekudeshes'.

7)

(a)We have already cited Shmuel, who permits the return of a Sh'tar Hakna'ah that someone finds in the street. He is not afraid that ...

1. ... in fact, the loan never took place because, even if it didn't, the debtor obligated himself to pay.

2. ... the borrower already repaid the loan because had the debtor paid, he would have torn up the Sh'tar immediately.

(b)Rav Nachman recalled such a case with his father, who worked with Shmuel's Beis-Din in Neherda'a in the capacity of Sofer, and where they announced that Sh'tarei Hakna'ah had been found.

(c)Rav Nachman was six or seven years old at the time.

8)

(a)Rav Amram tries to prove from the Mishnah later 'Kol Ma'aseh Beis-Din, Harei Zeh Yachzir' that such a Sht'ar is indeed not subject to the claim of 'Para'ti' (as we just explained).

(b)Rebbi Zeira attempts to refute Rav Amram's proof by establishing the Mishnah by Sh'tarei Chaltasa and Adrachta. A Sh'tar Chaltasa concerns Beis-Din's choice of a field belonging to a defiant debtor, which they document and hand to the creditor, whereas a Sh'tar Adrachta is the Sh'tar that they hand to him, following their failure to find a suitable field, authorizing him to search himself for one himself (as we explained above).

(c)Rebbi Zeira presumes that these two Sh'taros are not subject to 'Para'ti'. Rava refutes this contention by quoting the Neherda'i, who say that 'Shuma' (a field belonging to the debtor assessed by the Beis-Din on behalf of the creditor) can be redeemed with money up to twelve months.

(d)According to Ameimar, who was himself from Neherda'a it can be redeemed forever. Either way, we see that Shuma is subject to the claim of 'Para'ti'.

9)

(a)Rava refutes Rav Amram's argument in a slightly different way than Rebbi Zeira. We learn from the Pasuk 've'Asisa ha'Yashar ve'ha'Tov' that even though strictly speaking, the creditor is under no obligation to return a field once Beis-Din authorize him to claim it, it is nevertheless the right thing to do should the debtor subsequently come up with the money ('Shuma Hadar').

(b)This negates the debtor's chances of claiming 'Para'ti' because, based on the above, the creditor's return of the land to the debtor is considered a new transaction, in which case, he should have insisted that either the creditor returns the Sh'tar Adrachta, or he writes him a fresh Sh'tar of sale. Consequently, if he has no such Sh'tar, he has only himself to blame for not being believed.

(c)On the other hand, in the case of a regular Sh'tar Hakna'ah, the debtor might be believed to claim 'Para'ti' because, when he asks for the Sh'tar to be returned, the creditor sometimes fails to comply; either because he claims to have mislaid it and will give it to him later, or against payment of the Sh'tar, which the debtor ought to have paid, but which the creditor laid out.

(d)Rebbi Avahu Amar Rebbi Yochanan rules that the finder is not permitted to return a Sh'tar-Chov that he found in the street. The reason for this, assuming that ...

1. ... it was not stamped by Beis-Din is in case the Sh'tar was written but not handed over (in which case the creditor will claim from the debtor unlawfully.

2. ... it was stamped by Beis-Din is because the debtor may have already paid.

10)

(a)When Rebbi Yirmiyah queried Rebbi Avahu's previous ruling from the Mishnah that we cited earlier 'Kol Ma'aseh Beis-Din Yachzir' the latter replied by establishing the Mishnah by 'Huchzak Kafran' (where the debtor was proven on a previous occasion to have lied in Beis-Din), in which case he is never again believed to deny a claim.

(b)Rava objects to this interpretation of the Mishnah however, on the grounds that the fact that he lied on another occasion is not sufficient grounds to disqualify him from subsequently denying other claims.

(c)He therefore establishes the Mishnah by Sh'tarei Chaltasa and Adrachta (like Rebbi Zeira did above), which are not subject to Para'ti (like he explained there).