1)

(a)We just cited Rebbi Shimon in the Beraisa, who once witnessed a case, where the owner placed all twelve animals in the pen within the year that the first three babies were born. The Tana Kama holds that - the second set of babies were only born on the last day of the year.

(b)Once again, we connect this Machlokes to Ze'iri's statement. The case is - where the first three babies emitted a Tinuf at the end of six months after their birth.

(c)The Tana Kama holds like Ze'iri - in which case their babies were then born on the last day of the year, whereas Rebbi Shimon does not, and the babies could have been born any time within thirty days of the year.

(d)Like before, we offer the alternative that both Tana'im hold like Ze'iri, and they argue over whether an animal can give birth within the five month pregnancy period (Rebbi Shimon) or not (the Tana Kama). The second alternative to explain their Machlokes is - whether Miktzas ha'Yom ke'Kulo (of the thirtieth day after the Tinuf [Rebbi Shimon]) or not (the Tana Kama).

2)

(a)What is the third way of explaining the Machlokes, even if both Tana'im also hold Miktzas ha'Yom ke'Kulo is - whether a Mechusar Z'man (within the first eight days of its birth, when it is forbidden to bring it on the Mizbe'ach) can be taken into the pen to be Ma'asered (Rebbi Shimon) or not (even if it did give birth earlier, it has to wait seven days [the Tana Kama]).

(b)And we support this explanation with a Beraisa, where Rebbi Shimon ben Yehudah Amar Rebbi Shimon states Mechusar Z'man Nichnas le'Dir Lehis'aser.

(c)His source for this is - B'chor, which becomes sanctified as soon as it is born.

(d)Whilst the Rabbanan learn that a Mechusar Z'man is not sent into the pen to be Ma'asered - from Kodshim (a Shelamim), which cannot be sanctified before the eighth day.

3)

(a)Rebbi Shimon prefers to learn Ma'aser (Mechusar Z'mano Nichnas le'Dir Lehis'aser) from B'chor, because of the four similarities which they share (none of which apply to a Shelamim) Go'el, Mum, Temuras, Achilah. Go'el means that they are not subject to Pidyon (even when they are blemished) and Mum, that Kedushah takes effect even on a blemished animal. Whereas ...

1. ... Temuras means that - they are not subject to Temurah, and ...

2. ... Achilah that - they may be eaten (once they obtain a blemish) without being redeemed.

(b)We counter this however, with Pashut, Zachar, Kadosh, be'Matanos, which Ma'aser has in common with Shelamim, but which do not pertain to B'chor. Pashut means that they apply to an animal that is not a B'chor, and Zachar, that they apply to female animals as well as males.

1. Kadosh means that - they require verbal sanctification (without which they remain Chulin), and ...

2. ... be'Matanos that - they are not Matnos Kehunah.

(c)Rebbi Shimon learns Ma'aser from B'chor (regarding the Din of Mechusar Z'man) - via the Gezeirah-Shavah "Ha'avarah" "Ha'avarah".

4)

(a)According to Rav, Tinuf means a deformed baby (caused by a closure of the womb) - which Rav heard from the shepherds.

(b)According to Shmuel - it is lumps of blood.

(c)A Tinuf exempts the baby that follows from the Bechorah - only if one confirmed with a Chacham that it had previously been a fetus.

(d)Rav Papa interprets Chacham in this instance to mean - a Chacham who is also a shepherd (since from where would a Talmid-Chacham who is not a shepherd know this)?

5)

(a)It takes a human fetus - forty days to form inside its mother's womb. Rav Chisda now asks - how long it takes for an animal fetus to form.

(b)The significance of this fact regarding ...

1. ... a human fetus is - regarding the Din of Tum'as Yoledes (which does not apply in the case of a fetus of less than forty days).

2. ... an animal fetus is - regarding the Din of 'Tinuf' (to be considered a V'lad, in order to exempt the baby that is born after it from the B'chorah). We therefore need to know the minimum number of days between the mating and the Tinuf.

(c)Rav Papa tries to resolve Rav Chisda's She'eilah from Ze'iri (Ein Tinuf Pachos mi'Sheloshim Yom) - because he thinks that Ze'iri is talking about the time period between the mating and the Tinuf after it (as we just explained).

(d)Abaye rejects Rav Papa's proof however - pointing out to him that Ze'iri is actually referring to the time-period between the Tinuf and the mating that follows (as we already learned).

6)

(a)Our Mishnah discusses an animal that one purchases from a Nochri (see Tif'eres Yisrael, 9). According to Rav, if one purchased an animal S'tam from a Yisrael, one must assume that the next baby to which it gives birth is its first - because once the animal has already given birth, its value rises (since it no longer has to pass the danger stage [of its first birth]), and had it therefore given birth, the seller would certainly have informed the purchaser of the fact).

(b)Nevertheless, Shmuel holds that it is a Safek - since it is also possible, that the reason that the seller was silent, was because he assumed that the purchaser wanted the animal as meat (in which case, it would not make any difference whether it already gave birth or not).

(c)According to Shmuel, the purchaser - must therefore wait for the animal to obtain a blemish, before eating it.

(d)Rebbi Yochanan, the most lenient of all, holds that it is Chulin - because since most animals give birth in the first year, to prevent the purchaser from sinning, the seller would have informed him, had it not done so.

7)

(a)The Beraisa rules that if someone sells a baby animal without saying anything about having sold the mother that day - the purchaser may assume that he did not do so, because otherwise, he would have informed him of the fact.

(b)And, assuming that the same will apply to the case of B'chor - the Beraisa supports Rebbi Yochanan's opinion.

(c)To reconcile their respective opinions with the Beraisa - Rav and Shmuel will draw a distinction between the case of Shechitah, where the Chachamim place the onus of informing the purchaser on the seller, in the case of B'chor, the Torah writes "bi'Vekorcha u've'Tzoncha", placing the onus of keeping track of what is and what is not, a B'chor, on the purchaser.

8)

(a)Rebbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov rules in our Mishnah that if a large animal emitted a cake of blood, it (the cake of blood) must be buried, and he adds that - the animal is exempt from the Bechorah.

(b)Rebbi Chiya learns in a Beraisa that the cake of blood is not Metamei be'Maga or be'Masa, yet it require burial - only to publicize the fact that it is Patur from the Bechorah (to preclude from the notion that the cake of blood is not considered a V'lad).

(c)The Mishnah in Chulin, on the other hand, permits feeding the placenta of an animal giving birth for the first time, to the dogs - because there, no publicity is necessary, since the principle that there is no placenta without a baby is well-known.

(d)We cannot resolve the problem by dismissing our Mishnah before the S'tam Mishnah in Chulin - because of the principle Mishnas Rebbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov Kav ve'Naki (the Halachah is always like Rebbi ben Ya'akov, whenever he speaks in a Mishnah).

9)

(a)Seeing as the cake of blood is considered a V'lad, we ask why is it not Metamei be'Maga and be'Masa. What forces us to presume that it is considered a V'lad is - the fact that it exempts the mother from the B'chorah.

(b)Rebbi Yochanan answers that despite that, the cake of blood is not Metamei - because the Basar ha'Meis is Bateil in the blood and the bits of fleshy substance that came out together with it.

(c)And he equates Rebbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov with Rebbi Shimon in a Mishnah in Nidah, which discusses a woman who miscarries a placenta. The Tana Kama declares the room in which the placenta is lying, Tamei - because if there is a placenta, there must be a V'lad (which is Metamei be'Ohel).

(d)Rebbi Shimon - declares the room Tahor, because, he maintains, the V'lad disintegrated before it emerged from the womb.