1)

(a)Beside eating and drinking, the four Inuyin (afflictions) that are forbidden on Yom-Kipur are - washing and anointing oneself, wearing shoes and marital relations.

(b)The Tana says that eating and drinking are forbidden 'Asur', and not 'Chayav' (Kareis [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) - because that is the expression he is forceed to use in the case of the other Inuyim, which are not subject to Kareis.

(c)The source for the five Inuyin on Yom-Kipur is - the five expressions of Inuy (See Tos. Yom-Tov) mentioned in the Torah (in Emor, Acharei-Mos and Pinchas).

(d)We count them as five Inuyin and not six - because eating and drinking are counted as one.

2)

(a)The special concession the Tana Kama allow a king, based on the Pasuk in Yeshayah "Melech be'Yofyo Techezenah Einecha" is - to wash his face (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Chachamim included a Kalah in this concession - to endear her on her Chasan.

(c)A newly-wed is called a Kalah in this regard - for thirty days.

3)

(a)They also permitted a Chayah - (a woman who has given birth) to wear shoes ...

(b)... to enable her to keep her feet warm.

(c)These three concessions are the opinion of Rebbi Eliezer. The Chachamim - disagree.

(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Eliezer (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

4)

(a)The Shi'ur Achilah on Yom Kipur is that of a Koseves - (a large date) ...

(b)... which is - slightly smaller (See Tos. Yom-Tov) than a k'Beitzah.

(c)The Shi'ur - includes the pit (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Shi'ur not a k'Zayis, like it is in most Isurim to do with eating - because the Torah does not use the term 'Achilah, but 'Inuy' (as we explained earlier) ...

(e)... and Chazal have assessed that it takes a Koseves of food to remove a state of Inuy.

5)

(a)If one eats less than a Koseves on Yom Kipur - one has nevertheless transgressed an Isur d'Oraysa, due to the principle 'Chatzi Shi'ur Asur min ha'Torah'.

(b)The Shi'ur for drinking on Yom Kipurt is a 'M'lo Lugmav' (See Tos. Yom-Tov) - (a cheek-full).

(c)If one eats a combined Shi'ur of ...

1. ... two different foods or ...

2. ... two different beverages - one is Chayav, but not for a combination of ...

3. ... a food and a beverage.

(d)One measures a M'lo Lugmav - according to the cheek-full of the person who drinks it.

6)

(a)A person who, be'He'elam Echad (following one warning) eats and ...

1. ... drinks is - Chayav only one Chatas.

2. ... eats and performs a Melachah is 'Chayav two Chata'os ...

(b)... because, whereas the prohibition of eating and drinking are learned from the same Pasuk (See Tos. Yom-Tov), that of eating and performing a Melachah are based on two different Pesukim.

(c)The Mishnah rules that someone who ...

1. ... eats or drinks something that is not fit to eat (See Tos. Yom-Tov) or drink, or who drinks ...

2. ... brine or fish-juice is not Chayav (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

7)

(a)The Mishnah rules that small children ...

1. ... are exempt from fasting on Yom Kipur.

2. ... but that one should educate them to postpone their meals for an hour or two ...

(b)... before the age of bar or bas Mitzvah ...

(c)... one or two years (depending on their strength).

(d)The reason of bar or bas Mitzvah is because that is the age that they become punishable for their sins.

8)

(a)If a pregnant woman, whose baby smells food (See Tos. Yom-Tov), creating an urge in the mother to eat - one feeds her until the urge dissipates ...

(b)... because otherwise - both she and the baby are in danger.

(c)The Tana initially permits feeding a sick person - at the behest of experts, and ...

(d)... where there are no experts available - if the sick person himself claims that he needs to eat.

(e)One is then permitted to feed him - until he declares that he has had enough.

9)

(a)We amend the Mishnah's ruling to read - that it is only if the sick person claims that he does not need to eat or says nothing - that we consult an expert and force the patient to eat on his word.

(b)If the sick person himself insists that he needs to eat, and the expert claims that he doesn't - we feed him (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

10)

(a)'One feeds someone who is seized by Bulmus' - (a life-threatening illness that badly affects the eyes caused by hunger).

(b)The Tana permits feeding him non-Kasher food (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)We know that he is cured - when his eyesight returns.

11)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a person who is bitten by a mad (rabid) dog (not necessarily on Yom-Kipur). Of the five signs of a rabid dog, four of them are: its mouth hangs open, its spittle drips from it, its ears hang down, it holds its tail between its thighs - slinks along the side of the road.

(b)... and, according to others - it also barks but emits no sound.

(c)One would be tempted to feed the victim from its Chatzar Kaveid (a part of its liver) - because the doctors tend to do that as a cure (at least, they did in the times of the Mishnah).

(d)The Tana Kama nevertheless forbids it (unlike in the previous case) - - because it is not at all certain that the cure works (and they did not want to permit T'reifah on a Safek [See also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

12)

(a)Rebbi Masya ben Charash permits it - because in his opinion, its healing powers are certain.

(b)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

13)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who has a pain in his throat/teeth - (i.e. an infection in the gums that has spread to the palate and the throat [See also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)The Tana cites this case here - because its author is also Rebbi Masya ben Charash ...

(c)... who permits applying the necessary medication on Shabbos ...

(d)... because it too, is life-threatening.

14)

(a)The Tana finally rules - that all Safek Nefashos is permitted on Shabbos (See Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... to include an illness where the patient's life is not in danger until the following Shabbos, since the effects of the medication that he is now about to take will last for eight days.

(c)The Chidush then is - that he is allowed to take the medication immediately (this Shabbos) ...

(d)... and does not need to wait until tomorrow, in order to avoid breaking this Shabbos unnecessarily.

15)

(a)The Mishnah permits digging a pile of rubble to save a person who may be underneath it ...

(b)... even assuming that if he is ...

1. ... there, he may be dead, and ...

2. ... even assuming that if he is alive, he may be a Nochri (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Pasuk in Noach serves as the source for the Halachah that requires examining the person that one finds (on Shabbos) up to his nostrils, but no further is - the Pasuk in No'ach "Kol asher Nishmas Ru'ach be'Apav ... ".

16)

(a)The Tana needs to then add that if they find him ...

1. ... alive, they may dig him out - even in a case where it is clear that he will live for a short while longer, to teach us that one may break Shabbos even if it is only for a short lease of life.

2. ... dead, they must stop digging immediately - unlike where one is saving one's dead from a fire, which the Chachamim permitted, in case, in one's confusion, one will otherwise come to extinguish the fire ...

(b)... which is not applicable in this case, because if one forbids him to dig up the rubble, there is nothing else for him to do.

17)

(a)The Tana states that a Chatas and an Asham Vaday (See Tos. Yom-Tov) atone, and that death and Yom-Kipur atone together with Teshuvah. He did not mention Teshuvah in the Reisha - because he assumes that a person would not bring a Korban if he had not first done Teshuvah.

(b)He is referring to - an Asham Gezeilos (for having stolen and sworn falsely) and an Asham Me'ilos (for having benefited from Hekdesh).

(c)The Mishnah adds that Teshuvah atones on 'light sins' - incorporating Mitzvos Asei and Mitzvos Lo Sa'aseh ...

(d)... that are Nitak la'Asei (i.e. that can be rectified by performing an Asei, and which are therefore not subject to Malkos).

(e)The Tana finally says that regarding 'heavy' sins (including La'avin that are subject to Malkos) - Teshuvah hangs in the balance, and Yom Kipur atones for them.

18)

(a)Factually, someone who transgresses ...

1. ... an Asei (or a Lo' Sa'aseh which is linked to an Asei) - is forgiven immediately upon doing Teshuvah.

2. ... a La'av where there is Malkos - must still wait for Yom Kipur for forgiveness (as we just explained).

3. ... a Chiyuv Kareis or Misas Beis-Din be'Shogeg - must bring a Chatas as well in order to attain atonement (and the same applies to someone who is Chayav to bring an Asham [Tos. Yom-Tov]).

4. ... a Chiyuv Kareis or Misas Beis-Din be'Meizid - must also suffer (Yisurin).

(b)Sins that create Chilul Hash-m - still requires death after the Yisurin.

(c)Sins that cause others to sin too - constitutes Chilul Hash-m (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Kaparah of Yisurin is not necessary - in the time of the Beis-ha'Mikdash, when the Sa'ir ha'Mishtale'ach atones for all sins ...

(e)... except for those between man and man (bein Adam la'Chavero) which cannot attain Kaparah before one has fully appeased the person against whom one sinned.

19)

(a)The Mishnah states that if a person says 'I will sin ...

1. ... and do Teshuvah' twice (and implements his words both times [Meleches Sh'lomoh]) - he will not be given the opportunity to do Teshuvah.

2. ... and Yom Kipur will atone for me' - Yom Kipur will not atone for him (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The reason for the former statement is - because when a person performs the same sin twice, he cannot break with it, since he then considers it permitted.

(c)Rebbi Elazar ben Azaryah Darshens from the Pasuk in Acharei-Mos "mi'Kol Chatoseichem lifnei Hash-m Tit'haru" - that although Yom Kipur atones for all a person's transgressions between man and Hash-m (bein Adam la'Makom), it does not atone for his sins between man and man (bein Adam la'Chavero [unless he has appeased the person against whom he sinned.

20)

(a)Rebbi Akiva declares Yisrael fortunate - because it is before Hash-m that they purify themselves.

(b)He learns from the Pasuk ..

1. ... in Yechezkel "Vezarakti aleichem Mayim Tehorim u'Tehartem" - that Hash-m Himself actually purifies Yisrael (See Hagahos Agados Maharsha & Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... in Yirmiyah "Mikveh Yisrael Hash-m" - that just as a Mikveh purifies a persos who is Tamei, so too, does Hash-m purify Yisrael.