1)

(a)The Tana Kama rules that a Sukah that is higher than twenty Amos - is Pasul (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)He learns this from the Pasuk in Re'ei "Chag ha'Succos Ta'aseh l'cha Shiv'as Yamim" - which implies that a Sukah must be one that is fit to last for seven days (a casual dwelling), and any structure that is taller than twenty Amos cannot be deemed temporary (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Rebbi Yehudah validates a Sukah that is higher than twenty Amos - because he holds that a Sukah needs to comprise a permanent structure.

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

2)

(a)The minimum height of a Sukah is - ten Tefachim (See Tos. Yom-Tov DH 've'she'Einah Gavohah Asarah').

(b)The minimum number of walls that it requires are - three.

(c)The final condition a Sukah require to be Kasher is - that the sunshine should not exceed the shade.

3)

(a)Even though the Torah writes the word "ba'Succos" three times, we arrive at the number four from there - because one of the words is written with a 'Vav', denoting plural.

(b)We now learn one of those four with regard to S'chach - because the word "Sukah" means 'S'chach' (which means covering).

(c)From the remaining three we learn - that a Sukah requires three walls.

(d)And we then learn that the third wall need not exceed one Tefach plus - Halachah le'Moshe mi'Sinai.

4)

(a)Assuming that the first two walls are adjacent to one another, the third wall must be placed - within three Tefachim of one of them.

(b)The third wall is Kasher because the space of just under three Tefachim plus the Tefach make up four Tefachim, which constitutes the majority of the required seven-Tefachim Sukah wall.

(c)The current Halachah is based on the principle - 'Lvud' (that a space of less than three Tefachim between two sections of wall are considered as if they are joined.

(d)The Sukah still requires - a cross bar over the top to create a 'Tzuras ha'Pesach' (the shape of a doorway).

(e)If the first two walls are parallel however - then one brings a board measuring four plus Tefachim and places it within three Tefachim of one of the walls (once again, based on the principle of 'L'vud') creating a third wall of seven Tefachim (See Tos. Yom-Tov, end of DH 've'she'Einah Gavohah Asarah').

5)

(a)The Mishnah declares invalid a Sukah whose sun is more than its shade (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)If the shade and the sun are equal, the Sukah is Kasher. This must be speaking about the floor area - because then the equivalent area in the S'chach will have more shade than sun ...

(c)... in keeping with the mantra 'k'Zuza mi'Le'el k'Astira mi'Lera' (a gap the size of a Zuz above will result in sunshine of an Astira (which is larger than a Zuz) below.

6)

(a)Beis Shamai declare Pasul a Sukah Yeshanah - (one that was constructed earlier in the year not for the sake of the Mitzvah) ...

(b)... because they require a Sukah to be built 'li'Shmah' (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Beis Hillel - declare it Kasher.

(d)Beis Shamai will concede however, that a Sukah that is made within thirty days of Succos is Kasher - because, since one discusses Hilchos Sukah thirty days before Succos, someone who builds a Sukah during that period does it for the sake of the Mitzvah.

(e)They will also agree with Beis Hillel - there where one constructed the Sukah even at the beginning of the year 'le'Shem Sukah'.

7)

(a)The Mishnah compares someone who constructs a Sukah underneath a tree - to someone who constructs it inside his house (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Tana Kama declares Pasul a Sukah which serves as the floor of another Sukah - because it has two S'chachs, and the Torah invalidates a Sukah that is underneath a Sukah (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Rebbi Yehudah validates its - provided the top Sukah is uninhabitable.

8)

(a)On the one hand ...

1. ... the Tana Kama concedes that the bottom Sukah is Kasher - assuming it is absolutely uninhabitable, whilst on the other ...

2. ... Rebbi Yehudah concedes that it is Pasul - if the top one is strong enough to hold the cushions and covers of someone who lives there.

(b)The reason for the former ruling is - that since the roof is so weak, it is not considered a roof.

(c)We will then establish their Machlokes - there where the top Sukah is sufficiently strong to accept the cushions and covers of the person who lives there, but it causes the roof to sag, whether it is still called a Sukah underneath a Sukah (the Tana Kama) or not (Rebbi Yehudah [See Tos. Yom-Tov]).

9)

(a)The Tana invalidates a Sukah on top of which or underneath which one has spread a sheet. The purpose of the sheet on top is - to protect the people (See Tos. Yom-Tov) from the sun.

(b)The Tana explains that the sheet underneath is because of the 'N'shar' (the leaves that fall). What might this mean (besides to prevent the leaves from falling on to the table (and spoiling one's food) is - to prevent the dry leaves of the S'chach from falling off and creating more sunshine than shade.

(c)A sheet that one spreads close to the S'chach to serve as a canopy on top of a tall (See Tos. Yom-Tov) four-poster bed invalidates the Sukah - because it then becomes part of the S'chach, and S'chach which is subject to Tum'ah is Pasul.

(d)If one spreads it far (more than three Tefachim) from the S'chach - it renders whoever sits underneath it because he is sitting underneath an Ohel and not underneath the S'chach.

(e)The same sheet would be permissible however - if one spread it in order to adorn the Sukah.

10)

(a)The Mishnah does however permit Naklitei Mitah - (a two-poster bed with a sheet speread over a polethat runs from two posts, one in the middle of each end of the bed .. .

(b)... which the Tana permits - because, due to the acute angle of the hanging sheet, it has no roof, in which case it is not considered an Ohel (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

11)

(a)If one hangs over the Sukah a vine, a pumpkin or a 'Kisom - (a species of herb that grows in the form of a creeper) the Tana declares the Sukah Pasul ...

(b)... because whatever is attached to the ground cannot be used as S'chach, and renders the Sukah Pasul (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)In the event one does use the above, to render the Sukah Kasher, even ...

1. ... if there is a majority of S'chach Kasher - one still needs to lower the S'chach Pasul (See Tos. Yom-Tov) and mix it together with the kasher S'chach, until the Pasul S'chach is not discernable, since whatever is discernable is not subject to Bitul.

2. ... after having severed the vine ... from its roots - one still needs to shake it ...

(d)... because shaking it is akin to picking it up and replacing it.

(e)If one fails to do this, the Sukah will remain Pasul - due to the P'sul of "Ta'aseh", 've'Lo min ha'Asuy' (a Sukah must be made Kasher, and not become Kasher automatically).

12)

(a)Besides anything that is subject to Tum'ah (See Tos. Yom-Tov), the Mishnah also invalidate on principle - whatever does not grow from the ground (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)When the Tana invalidates anything that is subject to Tum'ah, he might also be referring to - (besides vessels that are made (even) of wood) - linen vessels and mats.

(c)From the Pasuk in Emor "Chag ha'Succos Ta'aseh l'cha, be'Osp'cha, mi'Gorn'cha u'mi'Yikvecha", we learn - that whatever does not grow from the ground is Pasul (See also previous Tos. Yom-Tov).

13)

(a)The Mishnah invalidate bundles of straw, of wood and of Z'radin - (a species of cane) ...

(b)... that is used ...

1. ... as animal fodder as long as it is still wet, but ...

2. ... as firewood once it h dried.

(c)The Mishnah invalidates them all - because i roof to dry t sometimes happens that one comes in from the field carrying a bundle of straw ... , and places it on the Sukah. Then he decides to leaves it there as S'chach (which is Pasul due to 'Ta'aseh ve'Lo min ha'Asuy', since he did not even place them on the Sukah for shade [See Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(d)One permitted to use them - provided one subsequently unties them (See Tiferes Yisrael).

14)

(a)The Tana - permits using materials that are Pasul as S'chach for the walls ...

(b)... since the word "Succos" intrinsically implies 'S'chach' (See Tos-Yom-Tov).

15)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah permits the use of planks as S'chach; Rebbi Meir - forbids it.

(b)They are arguing over planks that are between three and four Tefachim wide.

(c)Rebbi ...

1. ... Meir's reason is - because since three Tefachim has left the realm of 'L'vud', the planks adopt a certain Chashivus), in which case the Chachamim decreed that people might come to permit using the ceiling of their house as S'chach.

2. ... Yehudah's reason is because 'Chashivus Makom' begins at four Tefachim (and not three).

(d)The Halachah is - Rebbi Yehudah.

16)

(a)Someone who has a plank of four Tefachim on the roof of his Sukah (See Tos. Yom-Tov), should be careful - not to sleep (See Tos. Yom-Tov) underneath it ...

(b)The Sukah however - remains Kasher.

17)

(a)Discussing a non-cemented (See Tos. Yom-Tov) ceiling consisting of planks that are less than four Tefachim wide, Rebbi Yehudah cites Beis Shamai, who requires loosening each plank before removing every second one (See Tos. Yom-Tov). According to Beis Hillel - either will suffice (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)Moving them is necessary - because otherwise, it will be Pasul due to 'Ta'aseh ve'Lo min he'Asuy'.

(c)The basis of their Machlokes is - whether planks of that size are permissible (Rebbi Yehudah) or not (Rebbi Meir [as we learned in the previous Mishnah]).

(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Yehudah.

18)

(a)The problem with a Sukah whose S'chach consists of ...

1. ... metal spit-rods is - that they did not grow from the ground, and of ...

2. ... wooden bed-posts is - that they are Keilim (both of which are Pasul).

(b)The Mishnah validate them - provided that one fills in the spaces between them (which are the same size as the rods/posts themselves.

(c)Why are we forced to say that the Tana really means that the space is a fraction more than the width of the rod/post - because otherwise we rule that Parutz ke'Amud (where the breach is equal to what is standing) is Pasul (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

19)

(a)The Mishnah invalidate a Sukah that has been formed by removing the sheaves, leaving only the shell - because it is 'Ta'aseh ve'Lo min he'Asuy'.

(b)There will be no problem if there was already a space of a Tefach on the floor of the hay-stack that was specifically left for the Mitzvah of Sukah - since the S'chach is then Kasher, and it is only the walls that then technically fall under the category of 'Ta'aseh ve'Lo min he'Asuy', and the walls are not subject to the P'sul of 'Ta'aseh ve'Lo min he'Asuy' (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The minimum area that this space would have to cover for the Sukah to be Kasher is - seven by seven T'fachim (which is the minimum size Sukah).

20)

(a)When the Mishnah discusses someone who is 'Meshalshel D'fanos' it means - that the owner is weaving the walls on to the Sukah, starting from the top.

(b)The Tana Kama rules that ...

1. ... if it ends up three Tefachim (or more) from the ground, it is Pasul, because a Mechitzah that does not reach to within three Tefachim, and which allows kid-goats access, is not considered a Mechitzah.

2. ... he starts weaving the walls from the ground and upwards - it is Kasher, provided it reaches a height of at least ten Tefachim.

(c)Rebbi Yossi says - that just as going upwards, the wall is kasher if it reaches a height of ten Tefachim, so too, if one starts from the top (even though it ends up three Tefachim or more than three Tefachim from the ground ...

(d)...because he holds that a Mechitzah Teluyah (a suspended wall) is Kasher.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

21)

(a)When the Mishnah talks about distancing the S'chach three Tefachim away from the walls, it is referring to - a Sukah where the S'chach begins only three Tefachim from the top edge of the wall (either along the length of the Sukah or across the width).

(b)If one does - the Sukah is Pasul (Note, that in many of the current rulings, the Sukah is only Pasul if it is the minimum size of seven by seven Tefachim. In a larger Sukah, this is not necessarily the case).

22)

(a)The Tana now discusses three cases, the first of which is a top floor room with a hole in the middle of the ceiling (on which the owner has placed S'chach). For the Sukah to be Kasher, the S'chach may be - up to to four Amos away from the walls.

(b)the Sukah still Kasher, based on the principle 'Dofen Akumah' (a bent wall [See Tos. Yom-Tov]), which is ...

(c)... 'Halachah le'Moshe mi'Sinai'.

(d)One is not however, permitted to sleep (or eating) underneath it (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

23)

(a)The second case cited by the Tana is a courtyard that is surrounded by an Achsadra - where the owner placed S'chach on top of the courtyard, which is now surrounded by the roof of the Achsadra (which is actually an extension of the roof of the house [Tiferes Yisrael. See also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)The third case listed by the Mishnah is a large Sukah - (i.e. one that, if one were to remove the Pasul Schach, would still measure seven by seven Tefachim) whose outer section consists of Pasul S'chach (See Tos. Yom-Tov as to why the Tana needs to mention all three cases).

(c)The area of the Sukah that will render the Sukah Pasul if it consists of ...

1. ... S'chach Pasul in the middle of the Sukah is - four Tefachim.

2. ... empty space is - three Tefachim ...

(d)... irrespective of whether the space (which must run across or along the entire Sukah) is in the middle of the Sukah or at the side (right next to the wall.

24)

(a)Rebbi Eliezer disqualifies a Sukah that is made in shape of a wigwam - because its roof is not discernable.

(b)He includes in his ruling - a Sukah (comprising Kasher S'chach) that is leaning against a wall.

(c)This ruling is based on the principle - that 'A sloping Ohel is not considered an Ohel'.

(d)The minimum size roof that it would require in order to be Kasher is - one Tefach (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

25)

(a)According to the Chachamim - the Sukah is Kasher.

(b)The Halachah however is - like Rebbi Eliezer (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

26)

(a)The Mishnah discusses a 'Mechtzeles Kanim' - ('a cane mat') with regard to being both subject to Tum'ah and eligible to be used as S'chach.

(b)The Tana Kama rules that a large Mechtzeles Kanim - is subject to Tum'ah (and therefore Pasul from being used as S'chach), if it is made for lying on, but Kasher and not subject to Tum'ah if it is made specifically for S'chach (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)According to Rebbi Eliezer - both a small cane-mat and a large one are are Pasul if they are made to lie on, but Kasher if they are made specifically for S'chach.

27)

(a)Given that the Tana Kama and Rebbi Eliezer are arguing over a large mat, their Machlokes is over - whether S'tam, it is made for S'chach (the Tana Kama) and i therefore Kasher, or to lie on (Rebbi Eliezer), and is therefore Pasul.

(b)In the case of a small cane mat - the Tana Kama concedes that S'tam is made to lie on and is therefore Pasul.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.