Answer #3: The Reisha (other Mitzvos are more lenient) refers to idolatry, the Seifa (other Mitzvos are more stringent) refers to other Mitzvos!

Question: What is the case of Shogeg without intention regarding other Mitzvos?

Answer #1: He thought that he was eating permitted fat, and it was really Chelev.

The corresponding case regarding Shabbos - he intended to cut something detached, and cut something attached, he is exempt. (This culminates Rava's support for himself.)

Question: Abaye cannot explain like this (he obligates) - how will he explain Shogeg without intention?

Answer (and Answer #2 to Question (b)): He thought that saliva was on his tongue and he swallowed it (and it was really Chelev);

The corresponding case regarding Shabbos - he intended to pick up something detached, and cut something attached, he is exempt.

(Rava): If one intended to throw two Amos and it went four Amos, he is exempt;

(Abaye): He is liable.

Rava exempts, for he did not intend to throw four Amos; Abaye obligates, for he intended to throw in any case.

(Rava): If one thought that he was in Reshus ha'Yachid [and threw four Amos], and it was really Reshus ha'Rabim, he is exempt;

(Abaye): He is liable.

Rava exempts, for he did not intend to throw where it is forbidden; Abaye obligates, for he intended to throw in any case.

We must teach all three arguments:

If we only taught the first, we would have thought that there Rava exempts, for he did not intend for a forbidden cutting, but he would obligate when he intended to throw two Amos, for throwing two Amos is a requisite for throwing four Amos;

If we only taught the second, we would have thought that there Rava exempts, for he did not intend to throw four Amos, but he would obligate when he erred about the Reshus, for he intended to throw four Amos.

(Mishnah): There are 39 Avos Melachos.

Question: Why do we need to know the number?

Answer (R. Yochanan): This teaches that if one did all of them in one Helam, he is liable for each.

Question: According to Abaye, we understand how this can be - he knew about Shabbos and the Melachos, he erred about Shi'urim (e.g. he intended to do half a Shi'ur);

Rava exempts in such a case - how can he explain?

Answer: He knew that it was Shabbos, he forgot the Melachos.

Question: According to R. Yochanan, we can say that he remembered that a Lav forbids Melachah, he forgot that there is Kares;

But according to Reish Lakish, he must be Shogeg even about the Lav [to bring a Korban] - if he forgot all of the Melachos, in what way did he remember Shabbos?!

Answer: He remembered that it is forbidden to leave the Techum, according to R. Akiva.

(Mishnah): There are 39 Melachos (they will be explained in this and coming Perakim) - seeding, plowing, reaping, making piles, threshing, winnowing, Borer (selecting), grinding, sifting, kneading, baking;

Shearing wool, laundering, Menapetz (banging wool to crush and remove impurities; alternatively, separating clumps into fibers; alternatively, brushing and combing it), dying, spinning, Meisach (arranging the warp threads on a loom), making two Batei Nirin (passing two warp threads through holes in a frame that lifts and lowers warp threads on a loom), weaving two threads, Potze'a two [warp] threads (cutting off excess if they are frayed; alternatively, cutting them off the loom, tying, untying, sewing two stitches, tearing in order to sew two stitches;

Hunting a deer, slaughtering, flaying, salting (the hide), tanning the hide, Memachek (scraping the skin), cutting [it into strips];

Writing two letters, erasing in order to write two letters, building, destroying, extinguishing, burning, Makeh b'Patish (finishing a Kli), and Hotza'ah from Reshus to Reshus - these are 39 Melachos.

(Gemara) Question: Why do we need to know the number?

Answer (R. Yochanan): This teaches that if one did all of them in one Helam, he is liable for each.

(Mishnah): Seeding and plowing.

Question: The Tana should have taught plowing first (it precedes seeding)!

Answer: The Tana is from Eretz Yisrael, where people plow also after seeding [to cover the seeds, for the land is hard - the Tana teaches that also the second plowing is a Melachah].

(Beraisa): Seeding, pruning, planting [saplings], Mavrich (sticking roots into the ground to grow) and grafting are all the same Melachah.

Question: What is the Chidush?

Answer: This teaches that one who does many Melachos that are variants of one Melachah is liable only once.

(Rav Acha): Pruning is liable for planting (if one was warned not to plant and he pruned, he is killed); planting, pruning, Mavrich and grafting are liable for seeding.

Objection: Are they liable for seeding, but not for planting?!

Answer: He means, they are liable even for seeding.

(Rav Kahana): If one pruned and needed the wood, he is liable twice - for reaping and for planting.

(Rav Yosef): One who cut fodder is liable twice, for reaping and for planting (it causes more to grow).

(Abaye): One who harvests beets is liable twice, for reaping and for planting (it causes more to grow).

(Mishnah): Plowing.

(Beraisa): Plowing, digging and making furrows are all one Melachah.

(Rav Sheshes): If someone removed a small mound of dirt in a house, he is liable for [leveling the floor for] building;

If he did so in a field, he is liable for plowing (this softens the ground).

(Rava): If someone filled a small pit in a house with dirt, he is liable for building;

If he did so in a field, he is liable for plowing (this makes it fit to be seeded).

(R. Aba): If someone dug a pit on Shabbos and only needed the dirt, he is exempt, even according to R. Yehudah who is Mechayev Melachah she'Einah Tzerichah l'Gufah;

R. Yehudah is Mechayev only for improvements - this is destructive.

(Mishnah): Reaping.

(Beraisa): Reaping, reaping grapes, reaping dates, reaping olives, and reaping figs are all one Melachah.

(Rav Papa): If someone threw a clump of dirt at a date tree and knocked down dates, he is liable twice, for uprooting (a Toldah of reaping) and for Mefarek (a Toldah of threshing. Rashi - he removes the dates from the tree; Tosfos - he knocked the shells off the dates.)

(Rav Ashi): [He is exempt -] this is not the normal way to uproot or to Mefarek.

(Mishnah): Making piles.

(Rava): If one gathers salt from the place where they evaporate seawater to make salt, he is liable for making piles.

(Abaye): [He is exempt -] making piles applies only to Gidulei Karka (things that grow from the ground).

(Mishnah): Threshing.

(Beraisa): Threshing, Menapetz (beating stems to remove the flax) and Menapet (beating cotton to remove the seeds) are all one Melachah.