1)

Who is "Kitim" referring to?

1.

Rashi (in Sanhedrin, 106a), Targum Onkelos and Targum Yonasan: It refers to Rome. 1


1

See Oznayim la'Torah, citing Yosifun.

2)

What is the meaning of "Tzim mi'Yad Kitim"?

1.

Rashi and Rashbam: It means large warships 1 (or bands of brigands, 2 or groups 3 - Rashi in Sanhedrin, 106a) will come from Rome.

2.

Targum Onkelos: It means that a group will come from Rome

3.

Targum Yonasan: 'The Tzitzin will go to war fully armed from Lombardy and from Italy, and they will join forces with Constantine'.

4.

Sanhedrin, 107a: 'Libun from the hand of Aspir' - these are names of nations. .


1

Rashi and Rashbam: As in Yeshayah, 33:21.

2

Rashi: As in Yechezkel, 30:9,

3

Rashi: Like Targum Yonasan in Tehilim, 72:9 & 74:14.

3)

What is the meaning of "ve'Inu Ashur ve'Inu Eiver"? Who is "Eiver" referring to?

1.

Rashi #1: It means that they will afflict Ashur and those on the other other side of the River P'ras.

2.

Rashi #2 (in Sanhedrin, 106a): It means that they 1 will kill all the nations up until Ashur and the other side of the River P'ras.

3.

Ramban: It means that those that come from Rome will afflict Ashur and Yisrael. 2

4.

Targum Onkelos and Targum Yonasan: They will afflict Ashur and subjugate those on the other side of the River P'ras. 3

5.

Sanhedrin, 107a: Until Asher, they will kill, beyond that, they will subjugate. 4

6.

Oznayim la'Torah: Refer to 24:23:1:11.


1

Refer to 24:24:1:2.

2

See Vayeishev Bereishis, 40:15 and Mikeitz, Bereishis, 43:32.

3

Targum Yonasan: Both forces however, are destined to ultimately fall by the hand of Mashi'ach and be destroyed forever.

4

See Torah Temimah, note 31.

Sefer: Perek: Pasuk:

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