1)

(a)The ramifications of the Machlokes between Tana de'bei Rav (the author of the first Beraisa) and Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael are that - a locust with a long head is permitted according to Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael (as we explained), but forbidden according to Tana de'bei Rav.

(b)We refer to the first Tana as Tana de'bei Rav - the Toras Kohanim (otherwise known as the Sifra) because it was known in all the Batei Medrash, whereas Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael was only known by Rebbi Yishmael's Talmidim.

(c)Tana de'bei Rav Darshen the Pasuk ("... asher lo Kera'ayim" ... "Arbeh, Sol'am, Chargol, Chagav") - as a K'lal u'P'rat (ve'Ein bi'K'lal Ela Mah she'bi'Prat).

(d)When we explain that he requires the Limud to be similar to the P'rat in two ways ('mi'Shenei Tzedadin', he means that - it must possess the four Simanim and be of the same kind as the P'rat [see Rashash]).

2)

(a)We have already explained how Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmel arrives at his conclusion. When we say u'Marbi Kol de'Dami leih be'Chad Tzad, we mean that - it resembles the P'rat regarding the four Simanim (which is why we learn Sol'am from Arbeh and Chargol, as we explained earlier).

(b)The problem regarding the two K'lalim that Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael Darshens is that - they do not imply the same things, seeing as the former one (" ... asher Lo Kera'ayim") implies that it resembles the P'rat in only one respect, whereas the latter ("le'Miyno") implies that it must resemble it in all respects (regarding all four Simanim).

(c)We resolve it - by pointing out that Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael does indeed learn a K'lal u'P'rat u'K'lal, even though the two K'lalim imply different things (and our Sugya is the source for that).

(d)Tana de'bei Rav argues with Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael - regarding the previous point. He does not consider it a K'lal u'P'rat u'K'lal unless the two Kelalim imply the same thing.

3)

(a)If not for "le'Miyneihu" (written in connection with Chagav), the Tana would not have required the other Simanim. In spite of Arbeh and Chargol (were it not for "le'Miyneihu" which is written together with it) - we would have learned from Sol'am, that the Limud need resemble the P'rat in only one regard.

(b)The 'discrepancy' between the first Beraisa, which translates "Sol'am" as 'Nipol' and "Chargol" as 'Rishon', and the second Beraisa, which switches the translations is - merely a matter of Lashon, in one place they translated the words like this, and in the other, like that.

(c)According to Tana de'bei Rav, Sol'am does not possess a tail, whereas Chargol does. Tana de'bei Rebbi Yishmael concurs (because it is in the translation that they differ, not in the meaning).

4)

(a)"Zos Toras ha'Beheimah ve'ha'Of" refers to animals and birds respectively, and "ve'Chol Nefesh ha'Chayah ha'Romeses ba'Mayim" to fish - and "u'le'Chol Nefesh ha'Shoretzes al ha'Aretz" to locusts.

(b)From the fact that the Torah places locusts last after fish - the B'hag learns that they do do not require Shechitah.

5)

(a)The Beraisa now discusses the specifications of fish. The Tana needs to inform us that ...

1. ... a Sultanis (tunny-fish) and an Afian are permitted - because they are born without fins and scales, which only grow later.

2. ... Akunas, Afunas ... Atunas (possibly a tuna fish) are permitted - because they shed their fins and scales as they are taken out of the water.

(b)The Mishnah in Nidah states that any fish that has ...

1. ... scales - also has fins.

2. ... fins - does not necessarily have scales.

(c)Consequently, the Tana rules that a fish on which one finds only ...

1. ... scales - is Kasher.

2. ... fins - is forbidden.

6)

(a)The Torah nevertheless finds it necessary to mention fins - because we might otherwise have thought that - "Kaskeses" means fins (in which case, the criterion for a Kasher fish would be fins).

(b)Now that the Torah does write them both, we know that "Kaskeses" means 'scales' and "S'napir", 'fins' (and not the other way round) - because of the Pasuk in Shmuel (describing Goli'as' suit of armor) "ve'Siryon Kaskasim Hu Lavush" (where it is clear that "Kaskasim" means 'scales').

(c)The Torah nevertheless sees fit to mention fins - le'Hagdil Torah ve'Yadir (to teach us that a Kasher fish has fins too, even though it is not necessary to mention it).

(d)We learn from the fact that the Torah both permits fish that have fins and scales and forbids those that don't (rather than imply one from the other) - that someone who eats a non-Kasher fish transgresses both an Asei and a Lo Sa'aseh.

7)

(a)The Beraisa now discusses Sheretz ha'Mayim. We query the Torah's insertion of the Pasuk "es Zeh Tochlu mi'Kol asher ba'Mayim" - because seeing as the Pasuk ends "Osam Tochelu", it could have omitted the words "es Zeh Tochlu".

(b)The Kashya is strange - because one normally queries why we need the Seifa, not the Reisha (however, the D'rashah that we are about to make answers that automatically).

8)

(a)Initially, we extrapolate from the Seifa of the Pasuk, "ba'Yamim u'va'Nechalim Tochelu" that - the concession to eat Sheretz ha'Mayim is confined to those Sheratzim that are found inside Keilim (but not those that are found in water flowing in ditches, rivers or seas, or in pits and caves [where the water is still] none of which are comparable to water inside Keilim).

(b)We therefore learn from the Reisha "es Zeh Tochlu asher ba'Mayim ... " that - it is only in rivers and seas (where the water is flowing) that one differentiates between fish with fins and scales and fish without them, but in pits and caves, where the water is still, even fish without fins and scales are permitted.

(c)We are bound to learn this from "Tochlu" of the Reisha and not from "Tochlu" of the Seifa - because the latter refers to "S'napir ve'Kaskeses" that precedes it, implying a Chumra rather than a Kula.

9)

(a)We query this Kula however, on the grounds that we might just as well extrapolate a Chumra from the Pasuk (to forbid inside Keilim even fish that possess fins and scales), which is more logical - because the Pasuk is talking about what is permitted (in which case one would expect any inference to preclude from the Heter).

(b)To answer this Kashya, we quote the Pasuk "ve'Chol asher Ein lo S'napir ve'Kaskeses ba'Yamim u'va'Nechalim ... Sheketz Heim lachem" - implying that fish in Keilim is permitted even if they have no fins and scales.

10)

(a)We then suggest that the second "ba'Mayim" (in the Pasuk "es Zeh Tochlu") is a K'lal and "ba'Yamim u'va'Nechalim", a P'rat - in which case, based on the principle Ein bi'Kelal Ela Mah she'bi'Perat, we would preclude even ditches and trenches from the prohibition of fish without fins and scales (and certainly those that one finds in Keilim).

(b)We answer this however, by citing the second "ba'Mayim" - turning it into a K'lal u'Perat u'Kelal', including (in the prohibition) Sheratzim in ditches and trenches, but precluding those found in Keilim.

(c)The problem with the juxtaposition of the two "ba'Mayim" is that - even though they both serve as K'lalim, they are written next to each other (whereas normally, the Torah inserts the P'rat in the middle).

(d)Ravina answers by establishing the Beraisa like they said in Eretz Yisrael, that - if two K'lalim are juxtaposed, one simply places the P'rat in between them. and treats them as a regular K'lal u'Perat u'Kelal.