1)

(a)Rav Nachman permits eating a bird that has ...

1. ... one Siman Taharah - provided one is familiar with a Peres and an Ozniyah.

2. ... two Simnei Taharah - provided one is familiar with a raven.

(b)We query the latter ruling from a Beraisa which discusses the Pasuk in Shemini " ... Oreiv le'Miyno". Rebbi Eliezer learned from the word "le'Miyno" that - starlings (Zarzir) in the first Lashon and swallows (Sanvanis Levanah), in the second, which are species of raven, are forbidden too.

(c)The Chachamim queried him from the men of the village of Tamarta in Yehudah, who used to eat starlings because they possess a crop. According to the second Lashon, the men of upper Galilee used to eat swallows - since their maws used to peel easily (in which case the two Simnei Taharah of a raven must be that it is not Doreis and that it possesses an extra claw).

(d)The Kashya was that - clearly, these two birds are not of the same species as a raven, so how could R. Eliezer say that they are?

2)

(a)According to both Leshonos, Rebbi Eliezer retorted that - those who did so will have to account for what they did.

(b)Rebbi Eliezer maintained that the starling and the swallow are species of raven - because they nest together with it (in keeping with the Pasuk in Mishlei "Birds of a feather nest together").

(c)According to Rebbi Eliezer, we now amend the statement that a bird with two Simanim is Kasher provided one is familiar with a raven to - ... a raven and all species of raven.

3)

(a)Ameimar permits eating a bird with one Siman, provided that we have not seen the bird actually being Doreis (see Tosfos DH 've'Hu') - it holds its food down whilst eating it (refer also to our Mishnah).

(b)When Rav Ashi queried him from Rav Nachman's earlier ruling (that one also needs to be familiar with Peres and Ozniyah), Ameimar replied that - he did not agree with Rav Nachman ...

(c)... because since neither the Peres nor the Ozniyah are commonly found in residential areas, one does not need to contend with them.

(d)Rav Yehudah permits a bird that scratches for the Taharah of a Metzora by which he means - the swallow over which Rebbi Eliezer and the Rabbanan argue.

4)

(a)According to Ameimar, Rebbi Eliezer and the Rabbanan are arguing over a swallow with a green stomach. Both agree however, that one with a white stomach - is Kasher.

(b)Mar Zutra establishes the Machlokes - by a swallow with a white stomach, whereas both agree that one with a green stomach is forbidden.

(c)In the first Lashon, Ameimar rules like Rebbi Eliezer (who forbids a swallow with a green stomach) - Mar Zutra in the second Lashon rules like the Chachamim (who permit one with a white stomach).

(d)According to the first Lashon (Ameimar), the Beraisa refers to the bird over which they are arguing as Sanvanis Levanah* - to preclude a black (house) swallow, which both opinions agree, is forbidden.

5)

(a)Rachbah Amar Rav Yehudah considers a Tasil a species of dove, and Atzipi and Torin shel Rechavah species of pigeons. Consequently - the former is eligible to be brought as a Korban when it is small, and the latter, only when it has grown-up.

(b)Rav Daniel bar Ketina queries this from the Mishnah in Parah. The reason that ...

1. ... all birds invalidate the Mei Chatas (of the Parah Adumah) when they drink from it - because they lap up the water in their beaks, and some of it spills back into the jar, invalidating the remaining water because of water with which Melachah has been performed.

2. ... we consider the dove an exception is - because it sucks the water (rather than laps it up), and none of it spills back into the jar.

(c)Rav Daniel bar Katina's Kashya is that - according to Rav Yehudah, the Tana ought to have precluded a Tasil, as well?

(d)Rebbi Zeira answers that even though the Tasil sucks the water (like a dove), the water nevertheless becomes Pasul - because it vomits some of it back into the jar from which it sucked it (whereas a regular dove does not).

6)

(a)Rav Yehudah permits Kufshani Tzutzi'ani a species of pigeon - of which Torin shel Rechavah (that we just cited) is another name, to be brought on the Mizbe'ach.

(b)The Mishnah in Parah - disqualifies Eizov (hyssop, used in connection with the sprinkling of the Mei Chatas) that has a secondary name, such as Eizov Yavan, Kuchli, Romi or Midbari.

(c)The problem with Kufshani Tzutzi'ani (bearing in mind that Kufshani is merely the Aramaic translation of Torin) is that - seeing as the Torah refers specifically to Torin S'tam, why does this not prelude Kufshani Tzutzi'ani?

7)

(a)Abaye therefore draws a distinction between something that changed its name before Matan Torah (and the Torah is particular to call it only by its original name and not by one of its auxiliary names) disqualifying the latter - and something that did not change its name in this way, which the Torah has therefore not excluded, and can be brought in any of its auxiliary forms.

(b)Kufshani Tzutzi'ani can therefore be brought on the Mizbe'ach even though it has a auxiliary name) - since it did not change its name before Matan Torah.

(c)According to Rava, Kufshani Tzutzi'ani are eligible to go on the Mizbe'ach - because in their own town (Tzu'tzi'an) they are referred to S'tam as Kufshani.

8)

(a)Rav Yehudah discusses a Karzi - a type of locust (see also Tosfos DH 'Karzi')

(b)He - declares Kasher the Karzi that live among the nettles, but forbids those that live among the cabbages.

(c)Ravina declares someone who eats the latter Chayav Malkos - on the basis of having eaten Sheretz ha'Of. The Chidush is that - he considers this particular type of locust as Vaday Asur, and not just a Safek.

(d)Rav Yehudah permits a Tzarda but forbids a Barda (names of birds). A Siman by which to remember which is which - is the fact that the forbidden species begins with the letters 'Beis' 'Reish', which spells 'Bar', meaning 'not' (a reminder that it is not permitted).

(e)Rav Yehudah - considers 'Marda' a Safek.

9)

(a)Rav Asi - lists Chova, Choga, Suga, Chanuga, Tushl'mi, Marda, Kuchilna and bar Nafcha as S'feikos.

(b)These little birds - are not Doreis, they possess a crop and they have an extra claw (which would render them Safek T'reifah, since they might belong to the twenty species with three Simanim which the Torah forbids [see Tosfos DH 'Mai'])?

(c)The Safek is - whether they are not Kasher, because of the fourth Siman, since it was possible to peel their Kurk'van, but only with a knife. (Note, it is unclear how we initially appear to consider Marda a type of locust, and then includeit in the eight species of birds).

(d)Shmuel took the duck whose crop they had difficulty in peeling - and placed it in the sun until it softened and peeled with ease.

(e)The earlier cases are different, because unlike the case of Shmuel - they were not able to peel it with their hands.

10)

(a)Abaye equated a marsh rooster with Mardu - one of the eight S'feikos listed by Rav Asi.

(b)The Siman Rav Papa gave to remember that whereas a marsh rooster is forbidden, a marsh hen is permitted is - 'Amoni, ve'Lo Amonis' (Chazal's D'rashah that whereas a male Amoni is forbidden to marry into K'lal Yisrael, a female is permitted).

(c)Mereimar disagrees, declaring Asur even a marsh-hen (which is synonymous with a Girusa, which will be discussed in the eighth Perek) - after it was discovered to be Doreis.

(d)The Chumra that was instituted as a result of Mereimar's ruling is - not to eat any bird for which we do not have a tradition that it is Kasher (in case it turns out to be Doreis).

11)

(a)The Siman Rav gave to remember that a Shavur Andarfta is permitted, whereas a Piruz Andarfta is forbidden is 'Piruz Rashi'a' - since Piruz was the name of a well-known scoundrel of that time.

(b)Similarly, Rav Huna gave a Siman to remember that Bunya is permitted and Parva is forbidden as Parva Amgusha - which means Parva the magician (the Rasha who built the Lishkas Beis ha'Parvah in the Beis-Hamikdash).

(c)Rav Papa too, declared a Zagid ve'Achil Kasher, whilst forbidding a Sagid ve'Achil. Bearing in mind that Sagid means to prostrate oneself, he quoted the Pasuk "Lo Sichtachaveh le'Eil Acher", to remind us which is which.

(d)Shmuel gave two Simanim. He reminded us that ...

1. ... a Shasya Chamra is forbidden - by citing the Halachah Shesuyei Yayim P'sulin (disqualifying Kohanim who have drunk wine from performing the Avodah).

2. ... a bas Mazga Chamra is permitted, even though a Mazga Chamra is forbidden - via the statement that 'the strength of the son is superior to that of the father' (cited earlier in the Perek).

12)

(a)Rav Yehudah discusses two types of red-colored Shakitnas, one with long calves, the other, with short ones. He gave the Siman 'Murz'ma' to remind us that the first one is Kasher - because Murz'ma is the name of a Kasher bird.

(b)The Siman he gave as a reminder that ...

1. ... the short-calved Shakitna is forbidden is - Nannes Pasul (a Kohen who is a dwarf is Pasul to perform the Avodah).

2. ... a third species with long calves but which is green-colored is forbidden is - 'Yerokin Pesulin' (as we learned above in connection with the burnt intestines of an animal).