1)

(a)Based on Rav Acha bar Ya'akov's ruling (that a T'reifah can give birth), Ameimar rules that ...

1. ... the batch of eggs that a bird is carrying when it becomes T'reifah is forbidden - due to the principle Ubar Yerech Imo hu (a fetus is considered part of its mother).

2. ... subsequent batches are permitted - due to the principle Zeh ve'Zeh Gorem, Mutar (something that is created by both Isur [the mother] and Heter [the father] is permitted).

(b)Rav Ashi queried Ameimar from a Mishnah in Iduyos, where Rebbi Eliezer and the Rabbanan agree that the egg of a T'reifah bird is T'reifah and therefore forbidden - because it grew-up be'Isur.

(c)To answer the Kashya - Ameimar established the Mishnah - by a Sapana me'Ar'a (an egg that was formed without a male [through rubbing itself against the ground]).

(d)He did not answer by establishing the Mishnah with regard to the first batch of eggs, because then the Tana ought to have said (not 'Mipnei she'Gadlah be'Isur' but) 'Mipnei she'Gamrah be'Isur' (because it was completed be'Isur').

(e)The word 've'Shavin' refers to a Beraisa - where Rebbi Eliezer holds that the baby of a T'reifah animal cannot be brought as a Korban, and Rebbi Yehoshua, holds that it can.

2)

(a)The basis of their Machlokes (which speaks in a case where a T'reifah animal became pregnant) is - whether Zeh ve'Zeh Gorem, Mutar (Rebbi Yehoshua) or ... Asur (Rebbi Eliezer) ...

(b)... and they present it with regard to Kodshim (whether the baby is eligible to go on the Mizbe'ach or not) and not with regard to Chulin (whether it is Kasher or not) - to teach us the extent of Rebbi Yehoshua's opinion (that he even permits the animal to be brought on the Mizbe'ach).

(c)The Tana declines to rather present it with regard to Chulin, to teach us the extent of Rebbi Eliezer's opinion - because of the principle Ko'ach de'Hetera Adif (teaching Heter is a bigger Chidush), since a Rav who is in doubt will automatically rule le'Chumra, whereas he will only rule le'Kula if he is sure of his ruling.

(d)In a case ...

1. ... where a pregnant animal becomes a T'reifah - Rebbi Yehoshua will concede that the baby is T'reifah too (on account of the principle 'Ubar Yerech Imo hu').

2. ... of an egg that is a Sapana me'Ar'a - he will also hold T'reifah, since the only Gorem is the mother, which is a T'reifah).

3)

(a)Rav Acha cites Ameimar ('Hani Bei'i di'T'reifah') like we did, because he holds like Rav Acha bar Ya'akov (who maintains that a T'reifah can give birth). Ravina rejects our version of Ameimar's statement - because he disagrees with Rav Acha bar Ya'akov, and if the animal cannot give birth, then the majority of his statement is not applicable.

(b)According to Ravina's version, Ameimar is talking about the eggs of a Safek T'reifah, and what he then said is that - the initial batch is put aside to see if the chicken lays more eggs. If it does, then we know that it is not a T'reifah, and the first batch of eggs (as well as the subsequent batches) is permitted.

(c)And Ameimar ...

1. ... will establish the Beraisa 've'Shavin be'Beitzas T'reifah she'Asurah ... ' - by the first batch.

2. ... will amend the concluding words of the Beraisa 'Mipnei she'Gadlah be'Isur' - to 'Mipnei she'Gamrah be'Isur'

4)

(a)According to Ravina, seeing that a T'reifah is anable to give birth, Ameimar will establish the Machlokes between Rebbi Eliezer and Rebbi Yehoshua - by a pregnant animal that became T'reifah. Rebbi Eliezer holds Ubar Yerech Imo hu, Rebbi Yehoshua, Ubar La'av Yerech Imo. Consequently ...

(b)... the Seifa 'u'Modim be'Beitzas T'reifah she'Asurah' must be speaking in a case where the eggs are still attached to the chicken's body - in which case even Rebbi Yehoshua will agree that they are part of the mother.

(c)With regard to ascertaining whether a Safek T'reifah is T'reifah or not, we rule that - a male animal is not a T'reifah if it survives twelve months (like Rav Huna), and a female, if it gives birth (like Ravina).

5)

(a)Rav Huna rules that any creature that has no bones - will disintegrate within twelve months of its death.

(b)Rav Papa connects Rav Huna's ruling with a statement of Shmuel, who forbids Kishos (cucumbers) that become wormy whilst they are still growing. If they become wormy only after they have been detached - they are permitted as long as they have not emerged and crawled on the ground (as we will see later in the Perek).

(c)Nevertheless, they are forbidden in the earlier case - because, since the cucumbers are attached to the ground, it is as if the worms are crawling on the ground).

(d)Based on Shmuel's statement, Rav Papa now applies Rav Huna's ruling - to dates that have been preserved in a jar, and which are discovered to be wormy, though one is uncertain as to whether that occurred before they were picked or afterwards. According to Rav Huna, the dates will be permitted as from twelve months after they were picked (Mah Nafshach).

6)

(a)Rav maintains that a gnat (or mosquito) disintegrates within one day - a fly, within one year.

(b)Based on a popular saying, the she-gnat rebelled against the he-gnat for seven years - because, when a man from Mechuza left the water after a swim, and wrapped himself in a towel to dry, the he-gnat settled on his body and sucked his blood without informing her.

(c)They presented this Mashal particularly with reference to a man from Mechuza - because the people of Mechuza were very spoiled and fat (and therefore preferred by gnats).

7)

(a)This Mashal poses a Kashya on Rav - inasmuch as it talks about seven years, when according to Rav, its entire life-span is only one day.

(b)We counter with another Mashal, which attributes sixty Manah of iron to the gnat's hammer - meaning that one should avoid its bite, which is (relatively) powerful.

(c)Taking into account the minute size of the gnat, we prove from this Mashal that - the people were speaking in terms of a gnat-size Manah ...

(d)... in which case, in the first Mashal too, they were speaking in gnat years.

8)

(a)The Mishnah in Bechoros rules that - a five or three-legged animal is a Ba'al-Mum.

(b)The reason regarding the five-legged animal is - because an extra limb is considered as if it was missing one (and an animal with a missing leg is certainly blemished.

(c)By the same token, Rav Huna confines this ruling to the animal's foreleg - because an animal with a missing hind leg is not just a Ba'al Mum, but a T'reifah.

9)

(a)When an animal was brought before Ravina that had two Sanya Divis (caecums), (based on Rav Huna's previous ruling) he ruled that - it was T'reifah.

(b)It would be Kasher however - if they were completely joined to one another, so that they poured into each other.

(c)The objection ...

1. ... Rav Huna Mar bar Chiya raised, when Rav Ashi wanted to declare T'reifah an animal in which a strip of flesh ran from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Meses was that - all the animals in that area were like that.

2. ... Rav Oshaya raised when Mar bar Rav Ashi ((based on the statement of Rav Huna Mar bar Chiya) wanted to declare Kasher an animal in which a strip of flesh ran from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Keres was that - one cannot compare all cases in this way. Because a strip of flesh ran from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Meses of all the animals in the region, it does not follow that one also runs from the Beis ha'Kosos to the Keres.

(d)He then declared it T'reifah - because of the principle Kol Yeser ke'Natul Dami (since in effect, it is an extra intestine).

10)

(a)We reconcile the previous ruling with our refutation earlier of Rava, who declared T'reifah an animal with an extra Una on the lung - by recalling that this only applies if the Una is in line with the other Unos (which is a fairly common occurrence), but otherwise, not.

(b)Rav Nasan bar Shilo (the chief Shochet in Tzopori) sent Rebbi a ruling that if two intestines were found inside ...

1. ... an animal - the animal is T'reifah.

2. ... a bird - the bird is Kasher, because it is a common occurrence (and if we consider the pipe-like string of flesh that runs from the crop to the Kurkevan an intestine, then *all* birds have two intestines).

(c)The former will be Kasher, too - if a. they both emerge from the same point in the stomach, and b. they reconnect within the space of an Etzba.

(d)In fact, Rav Ami and Rav Asi argue over the latter point. According to one of them, the animal is Kasher even if the two intestines do not reconnect within the space of an Etzba - and when Rav Shilo said 'ad ke'Etzba', he meant that - they must reconnect within a ke'Etzba of the hole where the intestines comes to an end.

11)

(a)Rebbi Yochanan suggests that Rebbi Yehudah in our Mishnah (who declares a bird whose body fluff has been removed, T'reifah) and Rebbi Yishmael are of one and the same opinion. Rebbi Yishmael, in the Mishnah in Taharos (in connection with Pigul [see also Tosfos DH 'ha'Notzah']) rules that - if the Kohen performs the Avodah on a Chatas ha'Of, having in mind to eat a k'Zayis of meat including body fluff, he renders the Chatas, Pigul.

(b)Rava however, refutes Rebbi Yochanan's connection. He maintains that...

1. ... Rebbi Yehudah might confine his opinion to T'reifus - because the body fluff protects the bird, but disagrees with Rebbi Yishmael, because he does not consider it edible.

2. ... Rebbi Yishmael might confine his opinion to Pigul - because he considers the body fluff edible, but disagree with Rebbi Yehudah, because he does not believe that it protects the bird.

12)

(a)Our Mishnah now discusses illnesses that affect the entire body of the animal. The Tana declares an animal that ...

1. ... becomes ill due to a sudden influx of blood, inhales smoke or becomes ill from cold - Kasher.

2. ... eats animal poison or chicken excrement, or that drinks foul water - Kasher.

3. ... eats human poison or is bitten by a snake - permitted from the point of view of T'reifus, but forbidden because it is dangerous to eat it.

(b)Shmuel declares an animal that one feeds Chiltis (a spice with a sharp point), T'reifah - because it tears a hole in the intestines.

(c)Rav Shizbi queries Shmuel from a Beraisa, which cites the cases in our Mishnah plus a few others, such as an animal that one feeds Tura (a bitter herb called acronite) and Chiltis, which he declares Kasher. The Tana rules that an animal that ...

1. ... eats poison - is Kasher.

2. ... is bitten by a rabid dog - is permitted from the point of view of T'reifus, but forbidden because it is dangerous to eat.

(d)We reconcile the Beraisa (which declares an animal that ate ...

1. ... Chiltis, Kasher) with Shmuel - by establishing the former where he ate the leaves, and the latter, where he ate the actual grains.

2. ... human poison, Kasher, with our Mishnah - by establishing the former by animal poison, which is not dangerous (to animals), and the latter, by human poison, which is.

13)

(a)In spite of having already listed animal poison, the Beraisa adds Hardufni (which is also poisonous to animals)- because it is somehow different than regular animal poisons ('T'rei Gavni Sam ha'Maves').