1)

(a)Rav Ashi declares Kasher a bird that gets caught in a glue-trap - a board that is placed on a branch of a tree, on which glue has been poured, and to which a bird that alights on it becomes stuck and falls to the ground. A glue-trap.

(b)Ameimar - declares the bird T'reifah.

(c)They both agree that if only one wing of the bird is stuck, it is Kasher - because it is able to flap the other one, thereby slowing down its fall.

(d)The basis of their Machlokes is - whether it is able to slow down its fall by flapping the tips of its wings (Rav Ashi) or not (Ameimar).

2)

(a)The Ba'al Halachos Gedolos says that - the Din Bedikah, which Chazal permitted in cases of Safek T'reifah (Nefulah, Shevurah and D'rusah), no longer applies, since we are not experts like they used to be.

(b)We do not agree with him however - because (based on the Pasuk in Shoftim "ve'el ha'Shofet asher Yih'yeh ba'Yamim ha'Heim"), we have a principle Ein le'Dayan Ela Mah she'Einav Ro'os (one can rely on one's own perception, and does not need to compare oneself to previous generations).

(c)Nevertheless, when making the necessary Bedikah - one should invite all the Shochtim and other experts to verify one's conclusion.

3)

(a)Our Mishnah lists Nishtabru Rov Tzal'osehah among the T'reifos. Rov Tzal'osehah comprises - either eleven ribs on one side plus one on the other (or any such combination that adds up to twelve is [presumably] in order), or all twelve ribs on one side.

(b)Both Rabah bar bar Chanah and Rebbi Yochanan qualify our Mishnah. According to ...

1. ... Rabah bar bar Chanah, the fracture must take place - on the half of the rib that is closest to the spine, for the animal to be T'reifah.

2. ... Rebbi Yochanan, the fracture must involve - the large ribs which contain marrow (to preclude the ribs of the chest at one end and the thirteenth rib at the other end, which are all soft).

(c)Ula ben Zakai draws a distinction between where the ribs are merely broken - where he applies the previous ruling, permitting the animal as long as less than twelve ribs are broken, but declaring it T'reifah if six ribs have been torn out from one side (even though all eleven ribs remain intact on the other).

(d)Rebbi Yochanan - requires twelve ribs either way in oreder to be a T'reifah.

4)

(a)Rav rues that if one rib that has been torn out together with its vertebra - the animal is T'reifah.

(b)When Rav Kahana and Rav Asi asked Rav what the Din will be if the two corresponding ribs (one on either side) have been torn out - he replied that this is a case of Gist'ra, which is not only a T'reifah but a Neveilah (as we already learned in the first Perek).

(c)We counter that seeing as, according to Rav, the rib together with its vertebra is missing, then it is a Gist'ra according to him too - because a rib cannot stand on its own (without a vertebra which attaches it to the spinal cord).

(d)We answer that - Rav is speaking where the rib plus half the vertebra has been torn out from the spinal cord (and not the entire vertebra, as we initially thought).

5)

(a)We extrapolate from the previous statement that Rav Kahana and Rav Asi are speaking where the two ribs are torn out without the vertebrae - because if part of the vertebrae were torn out too, bearing in mind that according to Rav, even if one of them is torn out with its vertebra, the animal is T'reifah, what is then their She'eilah?

(b)We reconcile Rav Kahana and Rav Asi with Ula ben Zakai, who only considers the animal T'reifah if the majority of ribs are torn out (though he is talking about a majority on one side), and not just two - by pointing out that where the two torn out ribs are the two corresponding ones, it is worse than two, three, four or five, on one side.

(c)We then query Rav Asi and Rav Kahana from Rebbi Yochanan - who requires the majority of ribs to be torn out from both sides, in which case it is impossible for that not to include two corresponding ribs.

(d)We answer by establishing Rav Kahana and Rav Asi by Buchna va'Asisa - meaning that the two ribs are torn out together with half the vertebrae (Buchna = pestle, and Asisa = mortar [and Rebbi Yochanan by Buchna be'Lo Asisa]).

6)

(a)The problem with establishing Rav Kahana and Rav Asi where the ribs were torn out together with half the vertebrae is - that they are then speaking about the same case as Rav.

(b)We answer that they asked Rav the She'eilah without having heard his opinion, and the reason that they asked about two ribs that are torn out is because - had they asked about one, and Rav would have replied Kasher, they would still have had to ask him what the Din will be in the case of one.

(c)But now that they asked him about two, if he would answer 'T'reifah', they would not need to ask him about one - because by virtue of his excited tone of voice, they would automaticlly understand that even one is T'reifah.

(d)He would not get excited in the case of one, to indicate that even two is Kasher, so why ask about one - because it would not have bothered him if they had believed that two is T'reifah (and it was only when they seemed to think that one was Kasher that he became excited).

(e)Yes, they asked about two - and Rav's answer 'Gist'ra ka'Amrisu!' was an indication of his excitement.

7)

(a)Rabah bar Rav Shilo ... Amar Shmuel rules that a rib that is torn out without the vertebra, a skull the majority of which is crushed, and the flesh that covers the majority of the Keres - all render the animal T'reifah.

(b)We already cited the Machlokes regarding a Shedrah in an Ohel ha'Meis that is missing one vertebra, which Beis Shamai declare Tamei, and Beis Hillel, Tahor. Rav Yehudah Amar Rav states - 've'Chein li'T'reifah'. Consequently, in the same case in a live animal, the animal will be Kasher according to Beis Shamai, and T'reifah, according to Beis Hillel.

(c)This is no contradiction to Shmuel's previous ruling (which considers one missing rib a T'reifah, but) which does not mention a missing vertebra - because there he discusses the one, whilst here he discusses the other, and in fact, both are T'reifah.

(d)And it is possible for an animal to have a missing vertebra, yet all its ribs are intact - by the vertebrae known as Kafli (which are not attached to any ribs).

(e)Rav Oshaya asked why the above Machlokes between Beis Shamai and Beis Hillel (regarding T'reifus) is not listed in Iduyos together with all the cases where Beis Hillel is Machmir, and Beis Shamai, Meikel. To which Rava answered that - this is because the She'eilah in Iduyos happened to have been asked with regard to Tum'as Meis, where Beis Hillel is the one who is Meikel, and Beis Shamai, Machmir.

8)

(a)Shmuel's second ruling concerns a skull, the majority of which is crushed. Rebbi Yirmiyah asks - whether 'the majority' means the majority of the height or the majority of the circumference.

(b)And the outcome of the She'eilah is - Teiku (Tishbi Yetaretz Kushyos ve'Ibayos).

9)

(a)In his third ruling, Shmuel renders T'reifah an animal whose flesh that covers the majority of the Keres is defected. Rav Ashi asks whether Shmuel is referring even to where the flesh is just torn (and certainly to where it is missing), or to where it is missing, (but not to where it is just torn).

(b)We try to resolve the She'eilah from Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina's interpretation of our Mishnah O she'Nikra Rov Chitzonah - He interprets Rov Chitzonah as Basar ha'Chofeh es Rov ha'Keres.

(c)We refute this proof however, by arguing that Midi hu Ta'ama Ela li'Shmuel. The above explanation in Rov Chitzonah is that of Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina; whereas the She'eilah is in Shmuel, who does not learn the Mishnah that way.

(d)According to him, Rov Chitzonah refers to - the area of the Keres that is not covered with fluff, as Rebbi Ya'akov bar Nachmeini cites him.

10)

(a)Rav Yehudah Amar Rav comments on D'rusas ha'Ze'ev and D'rusas ha'Netz - 'min ha'Ze'ev u'Lema'alah, u've'Ofos, min ha'Netz u'Lema'alah' (from a wolf and form a hawk and upwards).

(b)We refute the suggestion that ...

1. ... Rav Yehudah means to preclude a cat (whose poison is too weak to render an animal T'reifah) - by citing our Mishnah 'u'Derusas ha'Ze'ev' (from which we can already extrapolate that).

2. ... the Tana mentions Ze'ev to teach us that a wolf is Doreis even a large animal - on the grounds that Rebbi Yehudah specifically states 'D'rusas ha'Ze'ev be'Dakah'.

(c)We counter the argument that, due to Rebbi Binyamin bar Yefes Amar Rebbi Ila'a (or Rebbi Elazar) statement that Rebbi Yehudah comes to explain the Tana Kama, and not to argue with him the Tana Kama cannot disagree with Rebbi Yehudah, - because we cannot disprove Rav with a statement from Rebbi Ila'a.

11)

(a)The Tana in our Mishnah mentions D'rusas ha'Ze'ev (according to Rav Yehudah Amar Rav [not to exclude a cat, but]) - to teach us D'rusas ha'Ze'ev be'Gasah (not like Rebbi Yehudah).

(b)Alternatively, Rav Yehudah comes to preclude a cat (from rendering a small animal a T'reifah). And as for D'rusas ha'Ze'ev in our Mishnah, we might have thought that the Tana mentions it (not to preclude a cat, but) - because it is more common for a wolf to attack an animal than for a cat).

12)

(a)Rav Chisda holds that a cat and a marten (Nemiyah) can be Doreis kid-goats and lambs (Dakin she'be'Dakin). And according to what we just said, D'rusas ha'Ze'ev of our Mishnah - refers to rams and sheep (Dakin).

(b)And he also rules - D'rusas Chuldah (a weasel) be'Ofos.

(c)We query Rav Chisda from a Beraisa however, where the Tana says D'rusas Chasul, Netz u'Nemiyah ad she'Tinakev le'Chalal - implying that their claws cause no more damage than a thorn (and that they do not poison the animals that they claw, a Kashya on Rav Chisda).

(d)We reconcile this Beraisa with D'rusas ha'Netz of our Mishnah - by establishing the latter with regard to birds, whereas the former speaks with regards to kid-goats and lambs.

13)

(a)We answer the Kashya on Rav Chisda by establishing him like B'rivi in another Beraisa - who qualifies the ruling that there is no D'rusah by a cat - by confining it to where there is nobody trying to save the animal from the cat, but there where there is, the cat counters by injecting its venom into its victim.

(b)This explains Rav Chisda - who is speaking in a case where someone is trying to save the lamb or the kid from the cat.

(c)In the case where a cat was chasing a chicken in Rav Kahana's house, the door slammed on the cat's paw, and they subsequently discovered - five drops of blood on the door ...

(d)... even though there was nobody saving the chicken in that case - nevertheless, the chicken running away causes the same effect.

(e)The Rabbanan, who argue with B'rivi (maintaining that even if there is someone saving the animal, there is no D'rusah by a cat) - will explain that even though the cat does eject poison, it is not sufficiently potent to poison its victim.

14)

(a)Others establish the initial Beraisa D'rusas Chasul ... ad she'Tinakev le'Chalal like B'rivi, and the Tana is speaking - where there is nobody trying to save the animal.

(b)In the case of the cat chasing a chicken in Rav Kahana's house, B'rivi explains the five drops of blood on the door - exactly as he explained it according to the first Lashon (See previous question).

(c)Rav Chisda - then holds like the Chachamim, who in turn now ascribe D'risah to a cat, even if nobody is trying to save the cat's victim.

(d)And according to Rav Chisda, our Mishnah specifically mentions D'rusas ha'Ze'ev - because the Tana is speaking about sheep and rams.