1)

(a)Rav Huna bar Ketina quoting Resh Lakish lists three defects. When he refers to ... e

1. ... P'gimas Etzem ba'Pesach, he means that - someone who breaks a bone of the Korban Pesach as little as the Shi'ur that he will specify in a moment, has transgressed the La'av of "ve'Etzem lo Sishb'ru bo" (in Parshas Bo).

2. ... P'gimas Ozen bi'Bechor he means - a blemish on a B'chor in Chutz la'Aretz, that permits the owner to redeem it. Resh Lakish mentions specifically the ear (not to preclude other Mumin, but) - because it is the first of the Mumin listed in Bechoros.

3. ... P'gimas Mum be'Kodshim - he is referring to what is considered a blemish on Kodshim that disqualifies it from being brought as a Korban.

(b)The Tana lists both P'gimas Ozen bi'Bechor and Pegimas Mum be'Kodshim. He does not include ...

1. ... the latter in the former - because there are a number of Mumin that are considered Mumin by a Chatas and a female Shelamim, that we would not have known from B'chor (which is confined to males).

2. ... the former in the latter - because had the Torah only written the latter, we would have confined the P'sul to disqualify bringing it on the Mizbe'ach, but would not have extended it to permit a B'chor to be redeemed on account of it (seeing as there are Mumin that pertain to the one but not to the other).

(c)Rav Chisda includes P'gimas Sakin in the defects. Resh Lakish omits it - inasmuch as he is refering specifically to Kodshim, but not to Chulin.

(d)Resh Lakish gives the Shi'ur of all these as K'dei P'gimas Mizbe'ach, which in practical terms, is equivalent to - a P'gam that is sufficiently large and sharp for the finger-nail to get caught in it (it is delayed, however slightly, as it passes over it).

2)

(a)Rebbi Shimon in a Beraisa gives the Shi'ur of P'gam on the Mizbe'ach as a Tefach, Rebbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov - as a k'Zayis.

(b)We reconcile Resh Lakish's Shi'ur of P'gimas Mum be'Kodshim (K'dei she'Tachgor bah Tziporen) with those mentioned in the Beraisa - by establishing the former by the actual stones of the Mizbe'ach, whereas the latter refers to the cement.

3)

(a)According to Rav Huna, a Shochet who declines to show his knife to the Rav, is placed in Cherem. Rava adds - that one revokes his license, and announces that his meat is T'reifah.

(b)When we say that the two opinions do not argue, we mean that - Rav Huna is talking about a Shochet whose knife is subsequently examined and found to be Kasher, whereas Rava is referring to someone whose knife is found to be Pasul.

(c)Ravina is more stringent than Rava. According to him, in a case where the Shochet's knife is found to be Pasul - besides revoking his license, and announcing that his meat is T'reifah, one rubs the animal with manure, so that not even a Nochri will purchase it from him.

4)

(a)Rava bar Chin'na asked Mar Zutra and Rav Ashi to check out his ruling, after he had revoked the Hechsher of a certain butcher who had failed to show him his knife, and declared the animal T'reifah - because the man had small children whom he needed to sustain.

(b)Rav Ashi discovered that - his knife was Kasher, in which case Rav bar Chin'na's ruling was unjustified.

(c)Rava bar Chin'na erred inasmuc as - he thought that Rava's ruling pertained even to a butcher whose knife was found to be Kasher.

(d)Rav Ashi justified revoking the ruling of Rava bar Chin'na (who was a highly respected Zakein) and putting him to shame - on the basis of Rava bar Chin'na's own request, in which case he was merely carrying out his Sh'lichus.

5)

(a)Rabah bar Rav Huna rules that - one is permitted Lechatchilah to Shecht with a detached tooth or finger-nail.

(b)By a detached tooth he means that - the tooth together with the jaw in which it grew, became detached from the animal or the person to whom it belonged.

(c)We query Rabah bar Rav Huna however, from our Mishnah, which invalidates both of these, as well as a sickle and a saw, because they strangle (tear out) the Si'manim, instead of cutting them. We reconcile with our Mishnah, Rabah bar Rav Huna's ruling concerning ...

1. ... a tooth - by establishing the latter by a jaw containing two teeth (or more) as the Lashon Shinayim (mentioned in our Mishnah) indicates.

2. ... a finger-nail - by establishing it by one that is still attached to the owner (conforming to the opinion of Rebbi, who invalidates Shechitah by Mechubar, even Bedi'eved).

(d)Shechitah performed with a tooth or a nail can be Kasher, despite the fact that it is less wide than the neck - because, as we will learn in the next Perek, as long as one continues to move the knife backwards and forwards until the two Simanim have been cut, the Shechitah is Kasher.

6)

(a)Beis-Shamai in our Mishnah, invalidates Shechitah with a sickle that is performed by Holachah only - Beis-Hillel declare it valid.

(b)Even Beis Shamai will concede however, that one may Shecht with a sickle, even Lechatchilah - if its teeth have been filed smooth.

(c)Rebbi Chiya bar Aba Amar Rebbi Yochanan qualifies Beis-Hillel's ruling - explaining Beis-Hillel Machshirin to mean from Tum'as Neveilah, but nevertheless prohibiting it from being eaten.

(d)The reason for this Chumra is - a decree that if we permit Holachah only, one might come to make Hova'ah as well.

7)

(a)Rav Ashi tries to prove Rebbi Yochanan's statement from the Lashon of the Mishnah Beis Shamai Osrin, Beis-Hillel Machshirin - when the Mishnah ought to have said Beis-Shamai Osrin, Beis Hillel Matirin.

(b)We counter Rav Ashi's proof however - on the grounds that if they are only arguing over Tum'as Neveilah (and not over the Heter to eat it), then the Mishnah ought to have said - Beis-Shamai Metam'in, Beis-Hillel Metaharin.

(c)So we conclude that - Poslin and Machshirin' - are in fact synonymous with Osrin and Matirin.

(d)The Halachah is nevertheless like Rebbi Yochanan - since he had a Kabalah from his Rebbes that Beis Shamai and Beis Hillel are arguing about Tum'ah (in spite of the Lashon of our Mishnah).

8)

(a)Our Mishnah now discusses Hagramah. The Tana rules that if someone Shechts within the Taba'as ha'Gedolah (the large laryngeal cartilege) - his Shechitah is Kasher, provided the entire Shechitah takes place within the Taba'as.

(b)Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Yehudah - validates the Shechitah even if only the majority of the Shechitah takes place inside the Taba'as ...

(c)... because he holds Ruba ke'Kulah; the Tana Kama does not.

(d)If the Shochet Shechts between two Taba'os - the Shechitah is nevertheless Kasher (because all the space between the first Taba'as and the last one, is eligible for Shechitah [since it is all considered part of the Kanah]).

(e)According to some commentaries, Rebbi Yossi bar Yehudah and the Rabbanan argue over completing the Shechitah outside any of the Taba'os. We refute that explanation however - based on a Beraisa, which specifically validates Shechitah anywhere between the first Taba'as and the last one.

9)

(a)Rav and Shmuel both rule - like Rebbi Yossi be'Rebbi Yehudah.

(b)Initially, Rav and Shmuel hold that - the Tana Kama and Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Yehudah agree that one may not Shecht within any of the other Taba'os (only between one Taba'as and the next) ...

(c)... because they do not entirely encircle the Kanah, and are therefore not considered part of it (nor does Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Yehudah hold Rubo ke'Kulo to turn a location into a part of the Kaneh, if it is not.

(d)We query Rav and Shmuel (in this last point) however - from a Beraisa, which validates Shechitah in the other Taba'os, because the fact that they encircle the majority of the Kaneh is sufficient.

(e)The Beraisa continues u'Mugremes Pesulah - with reference to where the majority of the Shechitah was performed inside the Ta'ba'as ha'Gedolah, and a minority outside it, according to the Rabbanan (of Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Yehudah).

10)

(a)The Beraisa concludes He'id Rebbi Chanina ben Antignos al Mugremes she'Hi Kesheirah by which he means that - even if the entire Shechitah takes place beyond the Taba'as ha'Gedolah, it is Kasher (as we will see later).

(b)To answer the Kashya on Rav and Shmuel, Rav Yosef explains Rebbi Yossi bar Yehudah Tarti Ka'amar ... - he made two statements regarding Rubo ke'Kulo; one, with regard to the Shechitah, the other, with regard to the location. And Rav and Shmuel rule like him in his first ruling, but not in his second.

(c)The problem with this from the actual words of Rav and Shmuel is that - they quoted Rebbi Yossi bar Yehudah as having made only one statement, and not two ...

(d)... which we resolve by explaining that - they really meant that the Halachah is like him regarding the first statement (concerning Taba'as ha'Gedolah), but not regarding the second (concerning the other Taba'os).

11)

(a)According to others, even Rav and Shmuel agree that Rebbi Yehudah b'Rebbi Yossi is Machshir the other Taba'os no less than the Taba'as ha'Gedolah, and when they confined his statement to the Taba'as ha'Gadol, they meant that - he only validates Shechitas Rov Kanah with regard to the Taba'as ha'Gedolah, but concedes that Shechitas Rov Kanah of the other Taba'os is Pasul (until he Shechts the entire Taba'as) ...

(b)... because he is afraid that the Shochet might think that Shechting Rov Taba'as is sufficient (which it is not, because seeing as the Taba'as does not encircle the entire Kanah, Rov Taba'as is less than Rov Kanah).

(c)We refute this explanation ...

1. ... per se however - because if Rav and Shmuel are referring to Hagramah, why did they not say so? Why give the impression that they are talking about the eligibility of the Taba'os, when they are not?

2. ... from the Kashya that we asked on Rav and Shmuel from the Reisha of the Beraisa - which does not mention Hagramah either. And if that is what the Tana means, then why does he need to add the fact that the other Taba'os surround the majority of the Kanah, seeing as it is the cutting of the majority of the Kanah that we are concerned with, and not with how much of the Kanah they encircle.

12)

(a)Rebbi Zeira ate from a Mugremes of Rav and Shmuel - meaning an animal where the Shochet Shechted the last part of the Shechitah outside the Taba'as ha'Gedolah (towards the head).

(b)They queried Rebbi Zeira in that - he came from the area under the jurisdiction of Rav and Shmuel, who considered such an animal Neveilah.

(c)He replied that the quote in the name of Rav and Shmuel was said by Rav Yosef bar Chiya (alias Rav Yosef throughout Shas) - who would quote anyone, even if his source was not authentic.

(d)In reply, Rav Yosef, who was not too pleased when he heard what Rebbi Zeira had said about him, countered that he had heard it from none other than Rav Yehudah - who was so careful when quoting, that when he was unsure of the author, he would quote all the possible names.

13)

(a)To illustrate this, he cited Rav Yehudah quoting Rebbi Yirmiyah bar Aba regarding the Halachah that three people are required to permit a B'chor, who, having forgotten whom Rebbi Yirmiyah bar Aba had quoted - added both Rav and Shmuel as the two possible authors.

(b)Rav Yehudah was quoting the Halachah - requiring three ordinary people (if no expert is available) to permit the owner to Shecht a B'chor in Chutz la'Aretz.

(c)We nevertheless query what Rebbi Zeira did from a Mishnah in Pesachim - which obligates a person to follow both the Minhag of the town from which he came, and that of his current town of residence.

14)

(a)Abaye answers that the Mishnah in Pesachim refers to someone who traveled from Bavel to Bavel, from Eretz Yisrael to Eretz Yisrael or from Eretz Yisrael to Bavel, but not to someone who traveled from Bavel to Eretz Yisrael, who was no longer bound by the Minhagim of Bavel - because Bavel was subservient to Eretz Yisrael ...

(b)... regarding Kidush ha'Chodesh and Ibur Shanah (which could only be fixed in Eretz Yisrael) - and Dinei K'nasos (which could only be ruled by Dayanim who had received Semichah in Eretz Yisrael).

(c)Rav Ashi would have justified what Rebbi Zeira did, even if he had traveled from Eretz Yisrael to Bavel - because he moved with the intention of not returning (whereas the Mishnah in Pesachim is talking about someone who intends to return to his home town.

(d)We reconcile the Rabbanan from Mechuza (in Bavel), who quoted Rav Nachman, who in turn, declared the Mugremes of Rav and Shmuel Kasher, with Rav and Shmuel - by citing the principle Nahara Nahara u'Pashteih, meaning each river takes its own course (different towns in Bavel had different Minhagim).

15)

(a)When Resh Lakish declared Kasher an animal whose Kova (thyroid cartilage, which is beyond the Taba'as ha'Gadol) had been cut in the course of the Shechitah, Rebbi Yochanan objected - 'Giysa Giysa!' meaning that he had gone too far.

(b)Rav Papi in the name of Rava rules that if one Shechts as far as the Chiti (Paga be'Chiti) - the vocal cords, the animal is T'reifah.

(c)We try to prove from the Pasuk ...

1. ... in Melachim (in connection with Benayahu killing Yo'av) "*Vayifga* bo Va'yamos" that - *Paga* be'Chiti means that the Shochet *actually touched them*.

2. ... in Vayeitzei (in connection with Ya'akov) "*Va'yifge'u* bo Mal'achei Elokim" that - Paga be'Chiti is Pasul, even if he did not touch them.

(d)Rav Papa in the name of Rava declared Shiyer be'Chiti, Kasher, and that is also the opinion of Rav Chiya b'rei de'Rav Ivya and Mar Zutra. Shiyer be'Chiti means - that even if one touched the vocal cords, the Shechitah is Kasher, as long as he left some of them towards the head, intact, as we will see shortly.

16)

(a)According to Mar bar Rav Ashi - Paga be'Chiti is Kasher, but Shiyer be'Chiti is not.

(b)The final ruling in the matter is that - Shiyer be'Chiti is Kasher, as long as he does not Shecht past the Shipuy Kova ...

(c)... which is situated some third of the way along the Kova (the thyroid cartilage), at the point where the top begins to dip).