(Mishnah): If an ox was scratching on the wall, and it fell on a man [it is not killed];

If it intended to kill an animal, and it killed a person, or [it intended to kill] a Nochri, and it killed a Yisrael, or [it intended to kill] a stillborn baby, and it killed a viable baby, so is exempt [from Misah].

(Gemara): "V'Ish Ki Yakeh Kol Nefesh Adam'' includes (limits liability to) one who struck, and it was hard enough to kill.

Some teach [that it includes even if] it was not hard enough to kill.

(R. La): Even if it was hard enough to kill, and someone else came and killed him (before he died due to the first blow, the latter) is liable.

"V'Hemis Ish Oh Ishah'' [equates a woman to a man]. Just like a man bequeaths damages [owed to him] to his sons, also a woman bequeaths damages to her sons.

Question: (Why does she bequeath to her sons?) Does a man not inherit his wife?!

Answer (Reish Lakish): So explained R. Hoshayah, the father of the Mishnah. This discusses Kofer, which is owed only after death. (A husband inherits only what his wife owned in her lifetime. SEDEI YEHOSHUA - R. Oshaya (this was his text) is called the father of the Mishnah, for he and R. Chiyah authorized Beraisos. Any Beraisa that they did not authorize is [perhaps] erroneous, and we may not challenge from it (Chulin 141a).)

If one sold an ox to his friend, and it was found to be a gorer, Rav says, the sale is mistaken (and therefore void);

(Shmuel): [The seller] can say, I sold it to you to slaughter it (the sale is valid).

"V'Nasan Pidyon Nafsho'' - some teach [that it is the value of] the damager's life. Some teach [that it is the value of] the victim's life;

According to the opinion that it is the victim's life, if the first hit him with a mortal blow, and the second came and made him die sooner - if you will say that Nezek applies to all of him (we do not consider as if he is already dead), the first pays the Nezek, and the second pays Kofer;

If you will say that Nezek does not apply to all of him, the first pays his Kofer, and the second is exempt.

According to the opinion that it is the damager's life, if you will say that Nezek does not apply to all of him, the first pays his Kofer, and the second is exempt;

If you will say that Nezek applies to all of him, both of them are exempt (neither totally killed him).

(Mishnah): The ox of a woman, of orphans (without an Apotropos), of (orphans with) an Apotropos, an ox of the wilderness, a Hekdesh ox, and the ox of a convert who died without heirs, they are killed [for killing];

R. Yehudah says, we do not kill an ox of the wilderness, of Hekdesh, or of a convert who died without heirs, because it has no owner.

(Gemara) Question: What is R. Yehudah's reason?

Answer: It says "v'Hu'ad bi'V'alav v'Lo Yishmerenu'' - these have no owner.

Question: What is the law regarding Nezikin (e.g. if the owner made it Hefker after it damaged, before the final verdict)?

(R. Hoshayah): Regarding Nezikin, R. Meir obligates and R. Yehudah exempts.

Question: What is the law regarding Kofer?

Answer #1 (R. Pedas citing R. Hoshayah): All agree about Kofer, that he is liable.

Answer #2 (R. Yochanan citing R. Yanai): Just like they argue about Nezikin, they argue about Kofer.

Question (R. Yirmeyah, to R. Ze'ira): How do we rule in practice?

Answer (R. Ze'ira): We rule like R. Hoshayah. Regarding Nezikin, R. Meir obligates and R. Yehudah exempts. Regarding Kofer, all obligate.