1)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is touching a Zav or moving him, or vice-versa, and who, at the same time, is touching or carrying food or drink or K'lei Shetef - wooden or metal utensils, so called because of the Pasuk, "ve'Shataf ba'Mayim" [meaning that they require Tevilah] see also Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'u'K'lei Shetef be'Maga') ...

(b)... to preclude earthenware utensils, which are not subject to Tevilah.

(c)Someone who is touching a Zav and simultaneously ...

1. ... food or drink or ...

2. ... K'lei Shetef - renders them Tamei.

(d)If he is ...

1. ... not touching, but moving a Zav and touching food or drink or K'lei Shetef at the same time - the same ruling applies, but not if he is ...

2. ... touching or moving a Zav and simultaneously carrying (but not actually touching) food or drink or K'lei Shetef.

2)

(a)All the above cases that are Tamei, we learn from the extra word "ve'Tamei"(in the Pasuk "ve'Ish Asher Yiga be'Mishkavo, Yechabes Begadav ve'Rachatz ba'Mayim *ve'Tamei*" (written in connection with Zav in Parshas Metzora). From ...

1. ... the word "Begadav", we learn that - Adam and K'lei Cheres remain Tahor.

2. ... the words "ve'Ish asher Yiga be'Mishkavo" that precede it that - once the Tahor breaks contact with the Zav, he is no longer Metamei the clothes that he subsequently wears (in which case the current rulings do not apply either, as we will now see).

(b)As we just explained, the Pasuk is actually talking about the clothes that the person is wearing whilst touching the Zav. R. Yehoshua presents the principle that whoever (see Tos. Yom-Tov) is Metamei the clothes he is wearing whilst touching a Zav - renders food and drink that he touches, a Rishon.

(c)Other than a Zav and a Zavah, the principle also incorporates - a Yoledes and a Metzora, as well as their Ma'yanos (liquids) and their Mishkav & Moshav (what they lay or sat on).

3)

(a)The basis of the current principle is - the fact that as long as a Tahor is touching the Zav - he is an Av ha'Tum'ah (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Metamei Ochlin') ...

(b)... and R. Yehoshua learns it - from the fact that he is Metamei the clothes that he is wearing.

(c)He declares the hands of a person that the Tahor touches whilst touching a Zav - Sheni'im le'Tum'ah.

4)

(a)When the person stops touching the Zav - he becomes a Rishon le'Tum'ah.

(b)If he then touches ...

1. ... liquid, it becomes - a Rishon.

2. ... food or somebody's hands, they become - Sheniyim.

3. ... clothes that he subsequently wears - remain Tahor.

(c)The Chachamim were more stringent with regard to liquids in this regard than to solids a. because they are more prone to receive Tum'ah and b. - because, unlike food, they are subject to Tum'ah even without becoming Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah.

(d)They decreed that all liquids should be a Rishon - because of the liquid of a Sheretz, which is a Rishon le'Tum'ah min ha'Torah.

5)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses an additional principle that differentiates between something that a Zav carries and something that carries a Zav, where the former is Tamei, and the latter, Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 've'Chol') - provided it is something that is not meant for lying or sitting on (Mishkav u'Moshav [see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Chutz' & DH 'Kol ha'Nisa']).

(b)Adam has the same Din as Mishkav u'Moshav and is Tamei even via Even Mesamei (See Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)The Tana learns the earlier ruling from the Pasuk in Metzora "ve'ha'No'gea be'Chol asher Yih'yeh Tachtav" - inverting the phrase to read " ... be'Chol asher Yih'yeh ha'Zav Tachtav" ...

(d)... because if the Pasuk were to be understood literally - that would be Mishkav, which the Torah mentions independently.

6)

(a)An example of something that carries a Zav that is Tahor is - a Sa'ah (a container for measuring or for storing flour and suchlike) that a Zav turned upside-down and sat on.

(b)The Tana learns it from the Pasuk there "ve'ha'Yoshev al ha'K'li asher Yeishev alav ha'Zav Yitma" - implying that the object is made to be sat on.

(c)Amod ve'Na'aseh Melachteinu - refers to utensils such as a Sa'ah, which are used temporarily for sitting on, but which one is obligated to vacate when the owner states 'Get up and let us do our work!'

7)

(a)When, in a case where a Zav places his finger (see Tos. Yom-Tov) underneath a row of bricks in a wall, the Tana rules that the Tahor person on top of the wall is Metamei Shetayim u'Posel Echad he means that - he is an Av ha'Tum'ah, who renders Tamei a Rishon and a Sheini, and Pasul a Sh'lishi regarding Terumah.

(b)In the event that the Tahor descends from the wall - he will become a Rishon le'Tum'ah, which can only render *food* a Sheini.

(c)If, instead of a person sitting on top of the wall, it is ...

1. ... food or drink, or a bed or a chair, or ...

2. ... other objects (Madaf) - they become a Rishon (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(d)... and the same will apply after they have been removed from the wall.

8)

(a)In the reverse case (if it is the Zav's finger that is on top of the wall, and they that are underneath the row of bricks) - then food, drink & Madaf remain Tahor.

(b)Mishkav & Moshav under the same circumstances - will be an Av ha'Tum'ah irrespective of whether ...

1. ... they are still on top of the row of bricks or ...

2. ... whether they have been removed (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

9)

(a)The Mishnah bases part of the above ruling (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael) on the principle Kol ha'Nosei ve'Nisa al-Gabei Mishkav, Tahor, which means - Whatever carries or is carried by the Mishkav of a Zav remains Tahor ...

(b)... provided it is not actually touching it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The one exception is - Adam (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Chutz min ha'Meisit').

(d)... who becomes an Av ha'Tum'ah, even if he ...

1. ... does not move the Mishkav ha'Zav, and even if he ...

2. ... is sitting atop an Even Mesamei that is placed on top of the Mishkav (just like a Zav sitting atop an Even Mesamei is Metamei whatever is placed underneath it [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

10)

(a)The Tana Kama presents the same principle with regard to Neveilah, with one exception. Kol refers - exclusively to Adam.

(b)The sole exception is - Meisit (where he moves it).

(c)R. Eliezer says 'Af ha'Nosei', suggesting that he is more stringent than the Tana Kama. What he really mean to say is - even Meisit is only Tamei if *he* is carrying *it*, but not if it is underneath him.

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

11)

(a)And the Mishnah repeats the principle with regard to Meis. One of the two exceptions (which are Tamei) is Ma'ahil. It is possible for Nosei ve'Nisa to be Meisit without being Ma'ahil - if the Meis is in a sagging attic and the food, drink or Madaf are piled up to the ceiling in the room below, or vice-versa (as we explained in the previous Perek).

(b)The other exception is Adam 'Nosei ve'Nisa', who becomes Tamei - provided he moves the Meis (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

12)

(a)The Mishnah declares Tamei, a Tahor who is carrying part of the Zav, or vice-versa ...

(b)... even if it only the finger that he is carrying.

(c)And the same applies to Chiburei Tamei or Chiburei Tahor - (such as his hair, nails or teeth).

(d)It is only with regard to Mishkav that a majority of the Zav's body is required.

13)

(a)R. Shimon qualifies - the basic ruling, confining it to the Tahor carrying the Zav, but if it is the Zav who is carrying the Tahor, the latter remains Tahor, unless he carries the majority of him.

(b)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

14)

(a)The Mishnah rules that if ...

1. ... a Zav is lying on part of a bed - it is Tamei (see Tos. Yom-Tov), but if part of the Zav is lying on it, it remains Tahor.

2. ... a Tahor is lying on part of a Mishkav ha'Zav - he is Tamei, but if part of the Tahor is lying on the Mishkav ha'Zav, he remains Tahor.

(b)Part of means - the minority.

(c)The Tana observes that Mishkav ha'Zav - can both become Tamei and be Metamei others via a minority of it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

15)

(a)The Tana continues 'And likewise, a loaf of Terumah that is placed atop a Mishkav remains Tahor ... ' - provided there is something, even if it just a piece of paper, that divides between them.

(b)The current ruling will apply - irrespective of whether the loaf is on top of the Mishkav or the Mishkav on top of the loaf.

(c)When the Tana says 'And likewise' - he is referring to the Din that we learned earlier 'Kol ha'Nosei ve'Nisa al-Gabei ha'Zav, Tahor'.

(d)The ruling is based on the principle that - anything that is not alive is not subject to Tum'as Heset (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

16)

(a)The Tana Kama - extends the above ruling to a brick that is stricken with Tzara'as.

(b)R. Shimon maintains that, since its very location is Tamei - it is Metamei be'Heset even things that are not alive.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

17)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is touching a Zav, a Zavah, a Nidah, a Yoledes, or a Metzora - or the Mishkav or Moshav of a Zav.

(b)Before the Tana mentions them - all seven items are Metamei Adam together with the clothes that he is wearing.

(c)The Tana now rules that - they are all Metamei two (a Rishon which makes a Sheini [see Tos. Yom-Tov) and render one Pasul (a Sh'lishi regarding Terumah).

18)

(a)Once the Tahor separates from the above items - he becomes a Rishon, and is only Metamei one and Posel one.

(b)The above pertains to Noge'a (touching) - as well as to Meisit (see Tos. Yom-Tov), Nosei and Nisa.

(c)The current Halachos are written explicitly by Zav, Zavah and Nidah ("Zos Toras ha'Zav ... ve'ha'Davah be'Nidasah"). The word ...

1. ... "la'Zachar" - includes a Metzora, and ...

2. ... "ve'la'Nekeivah" - a Yoledes (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'u'va'Metzora'.

19)

(a)The Tana now declares the Zivus, the spit, the semen and the urine of a Zov - Metamei Shenayim u'Poseil Echad.

(b)The other item in this list is - the blood of a Nidah.

(c)The previous Mishnah applied to Noge'a, Meisit, Nosei and Nisa, this Mishnah - to Nogei'a and Meisit.

(d)When R. Eliezer says 'Af ha'Nosei', he means that - Meisit is only Metamei if he carries the Tum'ah (but not if he moves it from the side [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

20)

(a)The Tana draws the same distinction between during contact and after contact that he made in the previous cases, with regard to Merkav, Neveilah and Mei Chatas. The form of contact that applied in the previous case but does not apply to Merkav is - Noge'a (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)When the Tana says in this regard 'ha'Nosei es ha'Neveilah', he really means - ha'Meisit (since Nosei Neveilah alone does not become Tamei).

(c)The difference between someone who carries Neveilah and someone who touches Merkav or Neveilah is that - whereas the former remains Tahor, the latter become a Rishon, and are Metamei Echad u'Posel Echad.

21)

(a)Mei Chatas is Metamei Shenayim u'Posel Echad - provided it has the minimum Shi'ur Haza'ah.

(b)The Mishnah is referring to - Masa (but not to Maga).

22)

(a)The Mishnah declares someone who eats a piece of Nivlas Of Tahor Metamei Shenayim u'Posel Echad' - as long as it is in his throat (in the process of being swallowed).

(b)But if he sticks his head inside an earthenware oven, the oven and all that is inside it - remains Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(c)... because whoever is Metamei the clothes that he is wearing is not Metamei Adam or K'lei Cheres (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The person himself ...

1. ... once he vomits the Nivlas Of Tamei out - is Metamei Echad u'Posel Echad (a Rishon), and so is he ...

2. ... after he has swallowed it.

3. ... before he swallows it - is Tahor.

(e)We learn from the Pasuk in Emor "Lo Ye'achel" that - Nivlas Of Tahor is only Metamei Adam le'Tamei Begadim whilst it is in the process of being swallowed.

23)

(a)The Mishnah declares someone who touches a Sheretz, semen or a T'mei Meis - a Rishon le'Tum'ah.

(b)A Metzora falls under this category - during the days of his counting (the seven days between the first shaving and the second, that take place during his purification period).

(c)The Tana includes in this list - Mei Chatas that does not have the minimum Shi'ur Haza'ah (see Tos. Yom-Tov), Neveilah and Merkav ...

(d)... though these items differ from those in the former list - inasmuch as they are only Metamei the clothes that the person is wearing through Masa, but not through Maga.

24)

(a)The principle the Mishnah present is that Whatever touches an Av ha'Tum'ah - is Metamei Echad u'Posel Echad.

(b)'Whatever' incorporates food and Keilim (including utensils & clothes [see Tos. Yom-Tov]); the exception is Adam, who is sometimes Metamei Shenayim u'Posel Echad (as we learned above).

(c)Adam adopts the same status as the others however - once he separates from the source of Tum'ah.

25)

(a)When the Mishnah states ...

1. ... 'Ba'al Keri ke'Maga Sheretz', he means that - a Ba'al Keri is merely a Rishon (like someone who touches Zera (see Tos. Yom-Tov), whereas a ...

2. ... Bo'el Nidah is an Av ha'Tum'ah, like a T'mei Meis, and is Metamei for seven days (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Chumra of a Bo'el Nidah over a T'mei Meis' is that - he is Metamei Mishkav (like a Zav), which even a Meis is not (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)We learn from the Pasuk in Metzora "ve'Chol ha'Keli asher Yeishev alav ha'Zav" that - only a Zav is Metamei Tum'as Mishkav u'Moshav, but not a T'mei Meis.

26)

(a)The Mishnah presents a list that begins with someone who eats a food that is a Rishon or that is a Sheini, and someone who drinks Tamei liquid - and which all render Terumah Pasul, since they are all a Sheini le'Tum'ah ...

(b)... which the Rabbanan decreed among the eighteen things (ythat the Mishnah lists in Shabbos).

(c)The next on the list is someone who enters into a gathering of drawn water - after having Toveled, with his head and most of his body (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Rabbanan decreed Tum'ah on him - because, due to the repugnant smell of the dank water of the Mikvah, they would subsequently pour clean water over themselves. And it was when people began to think that it was the latter that rendered them Tahor that Chazal issues the decree.

27)

(a)The similar case that follows is - that of a Tahor on whose head three Lugin of drawn water fell.

(b)The Rabbanan decreed Tum'ah in this case - to safeguard the pervious one (which otherwise people would not take seriously).

(c)They also decreed Tum'ah on Sefarim, on S'tam Yadayim and on a T'vul Yom; on Sefarim - because the Kohanim used to place their Terumah next to Sefarim, seeing as they were both holy. When the Chachamim saw that the mice began eating the Sefarim together with the Terumah, they decreed Tum'ah on Sefarim (forcing the Kohanim to stop that practice).

(d)'Sefarim' incorporates - all Sifrei Kodesh.

28)

(a)The last two items on the list are food and Keilim - which became Tamei through Tamei liquid.

(b)The odd man out is - T'vul-Yom, who is Tamei (a Sheini) mi'd'Oraysa.

(c)Chazal declared liquid that touched a Sheini, a Rishon (to be Metamei food) - on account of liquid that touched a Sheretz (which is a Rishon d'Oraysa).

(d)They did not extend the decree to food - because, unlike liquid, which easily becomes Tamei, food first requires a Hechsher through liquid.

29)

(a)min ha'Torah, utensils that touch liquid that touched a Sheretz - remain Tahor, because Adam ve'Keilim are only subject to Tum'ah from an Av ha'Tum'ah.

(b)Yet Chazal decreed a Din Sheini on Keilim that touched even liquid that touched only S'tam Yadayim - on account of the liquids of a Zav and Zavah (their spit and their urine), which are Avos, and which are Metamei Keilim min ha'Torah.