1)

(a)The Mishnah lists - thirteen points in connection with the Neveilah of a Tahor bird (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The first point is that it requires Machshavah (to be MetameiTum'as Ochlin [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) - which means that it is only Metamei Tum'as Ochlin if one had in mind to eat it.

(c)Machshavah is necessary - because it is Asur for a Yisrael to eat, and is not therefore considered a food without it.

(d)The Tana confines this to a village however - where there are not many people. In a town, it does not (see Tiferes Yisrael & Mishnah Achronah).

2)

(a)The second point is that it does not require Hechsher - which means that it is Metamei even without having had contact with one of the seven liquids and with a Sheretz (or another source of Tum'ah).

(b)And we learn this from the Pasuk in Shemini "ve'Chi Yitan Zera al Zera ... " - that only points that grow from the ground, which will not become subject to a more stringent Tum'ah (to render Tamei the clothes of the person who touches them) require Hechsher.

3)

(a)The third and the fourth points are that it is Metamei - Tahor food that touches it Tum'as Ochlin, and be'Beis ha'Beli'ah - whoever eats it (the moment it reaches his throat) together with the clothes that he is wearing ...

(b)... the former bi'k'Zayis; the latter bi'k'Beitzah.

(c)We learn the former from the Pasuk in Acharei-Mos "ve'Chol ha'Nefesh Asher Tochal Neveilah u'Tereifah" - in that "Neveilah" refers to Nivlas Of Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and "Asher Tochal" always implies a k'Beitzah.

(d)The fifth point is that someone who eats it requires Ha'arev Shemesh - in that (besides a Kohen who eats Terumah be'Meizid [see following Tos. Yom-Tov]) if one enters the Beis-Hamikdash or eats Kodshim between the Tevilah and nightfall (see Tos. Yom-Tov), he is Chayav (Tiferes Yisrael), as we will explain shortly.

4)

(a)The sixth and the seventh points concern someone who eats a piece of Nivlas Of Tahor - who becomes a Rishon, and one who then touches Terumah, respectively.

(b)What happens to ...

1. ... him if he subsequently enters the Beis-Hamikdash (based on the Pasuk in Vayikra "le'Chol Tum'aso Asher Yitma Lo") is - that he is Chayav Kareis be'Meizid and Chatas be'Shogeg (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... Terumah that is subsequently touched by him is - that it must be burned.

(c)And the eighth point on the list concerns somebody who eats a limb of an Of Tahor whilst the bird is still alive - who is subject to Malkos (even if the limb measures less than a k'Zayis [see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael]).

(d)This ruling does not conform with the opinion of R. Meir in Chulin - who confines the La'av of Eiver min ha'Chai to the limb of an animal.

5)

(a)9. R. Meir learns that the Shechitah of a bird that is a Tereifah removes the status of 'Neveilah' - from the equivalent Din by an animal, which we learn from the Pasuk (in Shemini) "ve'Chi Yamus min ha'Beheimah ... Kol ha'Noge'a be'Nivlasah Yitma" (implying that some Tereifos are not Metamei [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)His source for saying that the same applies to Melikah (performed with one's finger-nail) is - from the fact that Melikah permits a bird of Kodshim to be eaten (just like Shechitah permits a bird of Chulin).

(c)According to R. Yehudah, neither Shechitah nor Melikah change the status of a Tahor bird - since he does learn Nivlas Of from Nivlas Beheimah.

(d)R. Yossi maintains - that the Shechitah does render the bird Tahor, but the Melikah does not ...

(e)... and that is the Halachah.

6)

(a)The last four points concern the small feathers on the wings (Kenafayim), the very small feathers that remain after the Kenafayim have been plucked (Notzah [Tos. Yom-Tov]), the beak and the claws (see Tos. Yom-Tov). The Tana Kama declares the wings and the feathers Tamei - if a Sheretz touches them (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and Metamei.

(b)When he adds 've'Lo Mitztarfos', he means - that they do not combine with food that less than a k'Beitzah to make up the Shi'ur (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)R. Yishmael rules - that the Notzah does ...

(d)... whereas, according to the Tana Kama the beak and the claws are Tamei, Metamei and combine (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

7)

(a)R. Yossi adds Roshei Agapayim to the previous ruling 'Roshei Agapayim' - (the ends of the feathers after even the Notzah has been removed), and 'Rosh ha'Zanav' - (the end of the tail that is closest to the bird's body), both of which are tender (Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The reason that he gives for that is - because in the case of fattened birds, one tends to leave them intact, and to eat them together with the bird.

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

8)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the Neveilah of a Tamei bird - which the Tana rules, requires both Machshavah and Hechsher.

(b)The Shi'ur he gives for it to be Metamei Tum'as Ochlin is - a k'Beitzah.

(c)And he rules that ...

1. ... a Chatzi P'ras (one and a half egg-volumes [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]) - renders a Kohen who eats it Pasul to eat Terumah until he Tovels.

2. ... someone who swallows a k'Zayis of Nivlas Of Tamei (without actually touching it) - is Tahor.

(d)He learns this from the Pasuk in Acharei-Mos (that we quoted above in connection with Nivlas Of Tahor) "Neveilah u'Tereifah Lo Yochal le'Tam'ah Bah" - which implies that only the Neveilah of a bird whose Tum'ah is confined to eating renders Tamei in this way, but not one whose Neveilah is Metamei by touching.

9)

(a)Someone who eats half a P'ras of Nivlas Of Tamei, says the Tana, neither ...

1. ... requires Ha'arev Shemesh (in order to eat Terumah ... ), nor is it subject to Kareis for ...

2. ... Bi'as Mikdash (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... because the Tum'ah is only mi'de'Rabbanan.

(c)Terumah that Nivlas Of Tamei touched - must be burned (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Tana also rules that ...

1. ... someone who eats a limb from a live Tamei bird - does not receive Malkos (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 've'ha'Ochel ... ' & 've'Ein Shechitasah ... ').

2. ... a Tamei bird that has been Shechted - remains Tamei (for a Nochri to eat (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and that ...

3. ... the Kenafayim and the Notzah of a Tamei bird, as well as ...

4. ... its beak and claws - is subject to Tum'ah, render Tamei those that touch them and combine to make up a k'Beitzah of food.

10)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the various accessories of Nivlas Beheimah that are not generally eaten. The list incorporates the skin, gravy, Kifah, Alal, bones, nerves, horns, and hooves.

1. 'Kifah' is - spices in the pot (see Tiferes Yisrael).

2. 'Alal' is - a wide, white hard nerve that runs underneath the animal's neck.

(b)The Tana rules that all of these - are Metamei Tum'as Ochlin but not Tum'as Neveilos (see Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)... and the same applies to the same animal, but which one Shechted for a Nochri to eat and which is still shuddering.

11)

(a)In the previous case, for the animal to be Metamei Tum'as Neveilos - it must either die naturally or until its head is severed.

(b)The Tana concludes - that here we have two cases where Tum'as Ochlin applies even though Tum'as Neveilos does not.

12)

(a)To describe what happens if two pieces of Tamei meat, one of which touched an Av ha'Tum'ah, and the other, a Toldah, are mixed together to make up a k'Beitzah, the Tana applies the principle, under such circumstances - they always adopt the lesser degree of Tum'ah.

(b)Consequently, assuming that one of the pieces is ...

1. ... a Rishon, and the other a Sheini - they are considered a Sheini.

2. ... a Sheini, and the other, a Shelishi - they are considered a Shelishi.

(c)The ramifications of ...

1. ... the former ruling is - that it renders Terumah, Pasul.

2. ... the latter ruling is - that it renders Kodshim, Pasul.

13)

(a)In a similar case, where one piece is a Rishon, and the other, a Sheini, but where each of the pieces measures a k'Beitzah the Mishnah gives the combined piece the Din of a Rishon, but should one separate them...

(b)... each one becomes a Sheini.

(c)And the Tana finally rules, assuming that ...

1. ... each of the two pieces fell on to a loaf of Terumah, one after the other (see Tiferes Yisrael) - that the loaf is Pasul.

2. ... both pieces fell on the Terumah loaf simultaneously - it is a Sheini.

14)

(a)The Mishnah rules that two pieces of food that have been mixed together, one of which is a Shelishi, and the other, a Sheini, assuming they ...

1. ... are still mixed - are considered a Sheini.

2. ... have been separated - are each considered a Shelishi.

(b)If both pieces now fall on to a loaf of bread of Terumah ...

1. ... one after the other - they do not render it Pasul, but ...

2. ... simultaneously - they do.

(c)If the same two pieces of food are mixed, only where one of them is a Rishon, and the other, a Shelishi ...

1. ... as long as they are still mixed - they are considered a Rishon.

2. ... once they have been separated - they are considered a Sheini ...

(d)... and not a Shelishi - since a Shelishi that has contact with a Rishon becomes a Sheini.

15)

(a)The Tana finally rules in a case where two pieces of ...

1. ... Rishon, each measuring a k'Beitzah, became mixed in two pieces of Sheini, each measuring a k'Beitzah (which are obviously a Rishon whilst they remain combined), that after they became separated into three or four - they are considered a Sheini.

2. ... Sheini, each measuring a k'Beitzah, became mixed in two pieces of Shelishi, each measuring a k'Beitzah (which are obviously a Sheini whilst they remain combined), that after they became separated into three or four - they are considered a Shelishi.

16)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses 'Mikretzos' - (pieces of dough) and loaves of bread.

(b)The criterion for their being considered one piece is - that one cannot separate them without removing a bit of the piece that is next to it.

(c)In such a case, the Tana rules that should one of them come into contact with ...

1. ... a dead Sheretz - all the pieces or the loaves become a Rishon, with ...

2. ... Tamei liquid - they all become a Sheini, and with ...

3. ... S'tam Yadayim - they all become a Shelishi.

(d)If the pieces are subsequently separated - they retain the same status.

17)

(a)The status of a lump of dough comprising pieces of dough that are stuck to a piece that is ...

1. ... a Rishon is - a Rishon.

2. ... a Sheini is - a Sheini.

(b)If the pieces have been separated - they become a Sheini and a Shelishi, respectively.

(c)If the Tamei piece is a Shelishi, then all the other pieces remain Tahor ...

(d)... seeing as when they separate, they will become TahOr anyway (since there is not Revi'i by Terumah (see Tos. Yom-Tov), the Chachamim did not consider them Tamei, even whilst they are still joined.

18)

(a)The Mishnah discusses Kodesh loaves, incorporating (besides Menachos) - the Sh'tei ha'Lechem and the Lechem ha'Panim and suchlike.

(b)When the Tana says that what is in the holes in the loaf, he is referring to water that has collected in the pores.

(c)He now rules that a pile of such loaves, one of which has contact with a Sheretz - they all become a Rishon ...

(d)... because 'Chibas ha'Kodesh' causes us to consider that the water was on the surface of each loaf, and that the the loaf that is next to it is touching (not the loaf, but) it.

19)

(a)If, in the equivalent case, the loaves were not Kodesh but Terumah - then the loaf that had contact with the Sheretz and which became a Rishon, the loaf next to it would become a Sheini, and the next loaf would become a Shelishi (i.e. Pasul, but not Tamei).

(b)All the loaves will be Tamei even if they are Terumah - should the surface of the loaves be even slightly wet (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(c)... because water (as we have learned many times) always becomes a Rishon, rendering all the loaves a Sheini.

20)

(a)Alternatively, the Tana is referring to Kodesh loaves (not water) that are lying, each one in its own cavity in a board. If one of them has contact with a Sheretz, he says, they all become Tamei - because the vessel in which they are lying combines them as if they were one entity (as is the Din by Chalah) ...

(b)... and the same ruling will apply if each cavity contains ...

1. ... Kodshim water, but not if it contains ...

2. ... Terumah loaves.

(c)Even the Terumah loaves become Tamei however - in the event that the surface of the board is slightly wet.