What are these Mumim referring to?
Rashi (like R. Yehudah in Kidushin 25b): All four mentioned in the Pasuk 1 refer both to the Gid (the Eiver Tashmish) and to the Beitzim (the testicles). 2
Targum Yonasan: "Ma'uch" and "Kasus" refer to the Beitzim, and "Natuk" and "Karus" to the Gid. 3
According to R. Eliezer ben Ya'akov (in Kidushin 25b), all of them refer exclusively to the Gid. Moshav Zekenim: Bearing in mind that the Halachah is always like R. Eliezer ben Ya'akov, why do we forbid castrating via the Beitzim nowadays? Moreover, also, R. Yossi agrees that 'Nasuk' and 'Karus' do not apply to the Beitzim, and 'Nimuko Imo' (his reasoning is irrefutable)? The answer is that we follow the Amora'im [even if they negate general principles concerning the Halachah - and Rava rules - in Yevamos 75b, like R. Meir (Perhaps it should say 'R. Yehudah') regarding people.
Peirush Yonasan: Like R. Yossi in Kidushin 25b, Refer to the note on answer #1.
What is the difference between "Ma'uch", "Kasus", "Natuk" and "Karus"?
Rashi #1: They mean 'squashed by hand', 'crushed', 1 'severed' (by hand, but still intact), and 'severed' (using an implement), respectively.
Rashi #2 (in Kidushin, 25b): "Karus" means that they are partially severed from its sinews, and "Nasuk", that they are completely severed ? but still inside their bag..
Rashi: As in Amos, 6:11.
Why would one even consider bringing a castrated animal on the Mizbe'ach?
Oznayim la'Torah: Because castration improves the quality of the animal and makes it fatter.
If one is Chayav for Nituk, how much more so should one be Chayav for Kerisah, so why mention it?
Shabbos, 111a: To teach us that "Mesareis after Mesareis ? Noteik after Koreis - is Chayav. 1
See Torah Temimah, note 147.
What is "Lo Sakrivu" Referring to?
What does the ramifications of "u've'Artzechem Lo Sa'asu"?
Rashi: It is a prohibition against castrating any animal ? Beheimah or Chayah, 1 Tamei or Tahor. 2
Seforno: After dealing with the blemishes that occur by themselves that one is forbidden to bring on the Mizbe'ach and that one is forbidden to inflict on Kodshei Mizbe'ach, the current Pasuk refers to blemishes that one may not inflict even on Chulin animals.
Shabbos, 110b: It is a prohibition against castrating a human-being.
Sifra: "be'Artz'chem", 'Kol she'be'Artz'chem' - to include Beheimah, Chayah ve'Of. 3
Seeing as the current prohibition has nothing to do with Eretz Yisrael (in which case it applies equally in Chutz la'Aretz), why does the Pasuk insert the word "u've'Artzechem"?
Rashi (citing Chagigah 14b): To incorporate even Tamei species ? Lerabos Kol she'be'Artz'chem 1 in the prohibition of castration.
Moshav Zekenim (citing the Sifra): Since "u've'Artzechem" precedes "Lo Sa'asu", we include Kol she'be'Artzechem 2 , we forbid everything - even a Ba'al Mum, birds and Tamei species - even in Chutz la'Aretz. And it is forbidden even via Nochrim. 3
Oznayim la'Torah #1 (citing what he heard): After prohibiting bringing castrated animals in the Beis Hamikdash, the Torah continues "u've'Artz'chem Lo Sa'asu", adding a prohibition against castrating outside the Beis Hamikdash ? much in the same way as the Mishnah in Rosh Hashanah, 29b states 'ba'Mikdash Tok'in Aval Lo ba'Medinah' to draw a distinction between the Beis Hamikdash and outside it.
Oznayim la'Torah #2: Based on the Pasuk "ve'ha'Aretz Nasan li'Venei Adam" ? Tehilim, 115:16, the Torah is forbidding castration in the world at large. 4
Radvaz and Teshuvas K'sav Yad OC/YD 8:123 - since it does not depend on the land, we cannot extrapolate from it that Chutz la'Aretz is permitted.
Moshav Zekenim: Also regarding "Even Maskis" (26:1), had the Torah written 'be'Artzechem Lo Sitnu', we would have forbidden everywhere. But since it writes "Lo Sitnu be'Artzechem"; we Darshen to preclude the Mikdash (Megilah 22b), where it is permitted.
Moshav Zekenim citing the Rambam (Hilchos Isurei Bi'ah 16:13): One may not tell a Nochri to castrate an animal belonging to a Jew. If, however, the Nochri bought it and castrated it, it is permitted to buy it back from him - unless the owner intended him to do so when he sold it to him.
See Oznayim la'Torah.
The Gemara states in B'choros 33b that if one is liable for Ma'uch, all the more so for Kasus, which is greater. We do not punish based on a Kal va'Chomer?
Moshav Zekenim: 'Ein Onshin Min ha'Din' applies only to learning a new matter. Here it is one matter, just we come to add (a greater level).
Why do we eat castrated lambs and Barburim Avusim (castrated fowl, which are fatter ? R'dak Melach im 1:5:3)? It should be forbidden, due to "Lo Sochal Kol To'evah" (what came through an Aveirah)?
Rosh and Moshav Zekenim #1: Since the Torah forbids it to be brought as a Korban, we extrapolate that people are permitted to eat it.
Moshav Zekenim #2:"Lo Sochal Kol To'evah" applies only to an Aveirah that helped to prepare the food (cooking meat and milk, plowing with different species).
