What is the significance of "Kechu Imachem Devarim"?
Radak #1: I do not request from you, with Teshuvah, silver, gold or Olos, rather, good words. Confess your sins and return to Hashem with all your hearts, and not only with lips.
Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:41: This is Viduy. Radak #2: After you repent, confess in front of Him.
Malbim: After you reach Hashem and are close to Him, improve your deeds more in the future and repent a second time, from love. You will take matters (Mitzvos and good deeds) that will advocate for you. The pardon will not make the sins considered Ones, Shogeg and misled, rather, a merit for them, even if initially they sinned b'Mezid. This is because now they returned with all the heart amidst love, and not due to fear of punishment.
What is the meaning of "Kol Tisa Avon"?
Rashi: He pardoned all of our sins.
Radak #1: This is like Kol Avon Tisa. The words should be re-arranged. Similarly, "Makom Sham Kever" (Yechezkel 39:11) is like Mekom Kever Sham.
Radak #2: To all, You bear sin, and take (accept) a good word or a good heart.
Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:41: Pray to Hashem and request mercy that He atone for your sins.
Malbim: Now that they repent from love, the sin is totally borne; before, it was only reduced to Shogeg.
Should you speak to Hashem?
Radak: Say in front of Him words like this.
What do we learn from "v'Kach Tov"?
Rashi #1: Teach to us the good path.
Rashi #2: The few good deeds in our hands, take them in Your hand and judge us based on them. So David said "mi'Lefanecha Mishpati Yetzei Einecha Techezenah Meisharim" (Tehilim 17:2).
Rashi #3: Accept thanks from us - "Tov Lehodos la'Shem" (Tehilim 92:2).
Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:41: Chazal said that an Aveirah extinguishes a Mitzvah (Sotah 21a). When one repents, the sins are atoned, and the merit of the Mitzvah is aroused and illuminates.
What do we learn from "u'Neshalma Farim Sefaseinu"?
Rashi: The bulls that we should have offered to You, we will pay them with appeasement of words of our lips.
Radak: In place of bulls, we will pay to you confession of our lips, for You desire more [than bulls] words of Teshuvah. Korbanos do not help without confession of the sin. Regarding all of them 1 , it says "v'Hisvadah Asher Chata" (Vayikra 5:5). Se'ir ha'Mishtale'ach had only confession - "v'Hisvadah Alav Es Kol Avonos Bnei Yisrael" (ibid. 16:21). None of it was offered on the Mizbe'ach.
Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:41: Our Viduy should be considered like Chatas of bulls to make us pleasing in front of You. It mentions bulls, for Chatas Par is offered inside [the Heichal], and its blood was sprinkled [towards] the Paroches and gold Mizbe'ach.
Malbim: Before (after doing Teshuvah from fear), the sin was reduced to Shogeg, and they still needed to bring bulls to atone for Shogeg 2 . Now, words suffice.
It says so only regarding Oleh v'Yored! It seems that Radak expounds that these words apply also to all Korbanos Chatas before this (Perek 4), even though the law of Oleh v'Yored does not apply to them. (PF)
Malbim: If the Tzibur sinned via a mistaken ruling of the Great Sanhedrin, every Shevet must bring a bull. (Malbim does not discuss an absolute Chiyuv to bring bulls. Teshuvah amidst love does not exempt from a Chiyuv Korban! Rather, he shows that even after Teshuvah from fear, it is as if they sinned b'Shogeg, and we find [regarding Hora'ah], that bulls are needed to atone for Shogeg. One may offer bulls for Olos; Olah atones for Bitul Aseh and a Lav ha'Nitak l'Aseh. After Teshuvah amidst love, there is no need for this.) (PF)
