Why does it say "ba'Tzar Peaducha"?
Rashi: When Yisrael are afflicted, they do not question Your Midos. (They turn to You!)
Radak: When Yisrael were afflicted in Galus, they remembered only You, and no other.
Radak, based on Targum Yonasan: In Galus, at times of Shmad, when Goyim decree that Yisrael may not learn Torah and do Mitzvos, they learned and did covertly.
Malbim: Yisrael did not remember You only at the time of their grandeur. Also when they were afflicted, they attributed it to Hashgachah, and not to chance.
What is "Tzakun Lachash"?
Rashi: It is pouring speech and Tefilah. Redeem - they knew that the affliction in Galus is Your chastisement for their sin; it is not chance. They confess and pray to You. So they did as long as they were in Galus! The final Nun in Tzakun is extra, like "Asher Lo Yad'un Avosecha" (Devarim 8:16). The root is Yatzak (pouring); the first letter, Yud, is omitted. Tefilah is called Lachash, for it is whispered.
Radak, based on Targum Yonasan: Refer to 26:16:1:3.
Malbim: Not only did they attribute great afflictions to Hashgachah. Rather, even any trouble, was as if You whispered rebuke in their ears - "va'Yigel Aznam la'Musar" (Iyov 36:10).
What is the meaning of "Musarcha Lamo"?
Rashi: When Your chastising and afflictions come upon them [their Tefilah is as verse 17 says].
