1)

(a)Our Mishnah now discusses the T'reifos of a bird, which basically - are equivalent to those of an animal ...

(b)... and the Tana only mentions those which we would have thought are different (as we will now explain).

(c)The Tana mentions Nekuvas ha'Veshet on account of P'sukas ha'Gargeres. The reason that he needs to mention ...

1. ... P'sukas ha'Gargeres is - because, due to the bird's weak vitality (as is evident by the fact that, unlike an animal, it dies with the Shechitah of only one Siman), we would otherwise have thought that the Shi'ur T'reifus regarding the Gargeres of a bird is a Mashehu, like that of the Veshet.

2. ... Hiksah Chuldah al Roshah is - because for the same reason, we would have thought that the bird becomes T'reifah even without the membrane having been pierced.

(d)In the latter case, the Tana must be speaking in a case where the weasel bit the bird and not where it clawed it - because in the latter case, the bird would be a D'rusah, and it would be T'reifah even if the skull was not pierced, as we learned earlier.

2)

(a)The Tana includes Nikav ha'Kurk'van' ...

1. ... the bird's stomach (the gizzard) and ...

2. ... Nikvu ha'Dakin - its intestines.

(b)He needs to include Nikvu ha'Dakin because of the Seifa Yatz'u b'nei Me'ehah - ve'Lo Nikvu, Kesheirah. Here too, had the Tana not have mentioned it, we would have thought that it is T'reifah.

(c)The Tana discusses a bird that falls into the fire (and does not die) - even though its innards shrunk.

(d)The Tana rules that in a case where the stomach was found to be ...

1. ... yellow - the bird is T'reifah.

2. ... red - it is Kasher.

3)

(a)The Tana declares Safek T'reifah - D'rusah, a bird which someone trampled on, which he banged against a wall or which an animal trampled on and which is still convulsing.

(b)The bird will be Kasher - if it survives twenty-four hours.

(c)Rav, Shmuel and Levi all hold that if a bird has been bitten by a weasel on its head, one examines it - by placing one's fingers inside the mouth and pressing the palate upwards. If the membranes have been pierced, then the brain will emerge through the hole, and the bird is T'reifah.

(d)This will apply even according to those who declare an animal whose brain has been punctured T'reifah, even if only the upper membrane has been punctured - because the lower membrane is so weak that once the upper one is pierced, the pressure applied by the examiner's fingers will cause it to tear.

4)

(a)Initially, Ze'iri maintained that a weasel's bite cannot be examined - because its teeth are needle thin and, even assuming that it pierced the bird's membranes, the brains will not come out through the hole.

(b)In answer to the Kashya that the thinness of the holes does not justify Ze'iri's statement, Rav Oshaya explained that - the weasel's teeth are also bent, so that the holed skull pressing against the punctured membrane, block each other, preventing the brain from emerging.

(c)After Ze'iri arrived in Neherda'a - he sent a message to Bavel that his previous ruling was incorrect, and that in fact, Resh Lakish permitted examining with the hand, but not using a nail ...

(d)... which one would do - by passing a nail over the surface of the skull and watching for it to drop into the hole as it passes over it, but which Resh Lakish forbade ...

(e)... because, if one is not careful, one is likely to create a hole that was not previously there, and declare a perfectly Kasher bird T'reifah (thereby causing a fellow-Jew a monetary loss).

5)

(a)Rebbi Yochanan - permitted examining the bird with a nail as well.

(b)This is in fact, a Machlokes between Rebbi Yehudah and Rebbi Nechemyah (see Tosfos DH 've'Rebbi Yochanan'). The one who searched ...

1. ... with his hand (from the inside) said to the one who searched using a needle (from the outside) - 'How long will you continue to 'eat up' Jewish money'?

2. ... using a needle said to the one who searched with his hand - 'How long will you continue to feed Yisrael Neveilos (which we amend to T'reifos [like Ze'iri explained earlier])?

(c)We ascertain that Rebbi Yehudah is the one who used to examine with his hand (and Rebbi Nechemyah, using a needle) - because Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar quoted him to that effect in a Beraisa.

(d)To reconcile Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar's ruling with the continuation of the Beraisa, which renders a bird T'reifah if the skull is pierced, even if the membrane is not (which means that it cannot be examined) - we establish this latter ruling with regard to water fowl (such as a duck [whose membrane is so thin, that once the skull is punctured, the membrane is bound to follow suite]).

6)

(a)The one distinction that a Beraisa cited by Levi, draws between the T'reifos of animals and the T'reifos of birds is that - if the skull of the former is punctured, but not the membrane, it is Kasher; whereas the latter is T'reifah.

(b)He did not include a hole in the Meses and the Beis ha'Kosos (which applies to an animal, but not to a bird) - because a bird does not have a Meses and Beis ha'Kosos, and the Tana is only concerned with Halachic distinctions (not anatomical differences).

(c)When Rav Nachman asked Rav Anan how to reconcile Rav and Shmuel, both of whom are quoted as permitting examining a bird with the hand, with Levi's Beraisa - he also established the latter by water fowl.

7)

(a)When Rav Chana sent Rav Masna a chicken with a hole in the skull, but with the membranes intact - Rav Masna declared it Kasher.

(b)He too, reconciled his ruling with Levi's Beraisa, which declares such a bird T'reifah - by establishing the latter with regard to water fowl.

(c)Rav Shizbi would examine a bird (that was bitten in the head by a weasel) by holding the brain up to the sun. When we say that ...

1. ... Rav Yeimar would examine it with water, we mean - either that he would pour water into the neck, and check whether it poured out of the location of the wound or not, or that he would pour water into the hole and pour it out again. If the water was white, it indicated that the brain had been pierced and had now mixed with the water; whereas if it came out clear, it meant that it hadn't.

2. ... Rav Acha bar Ya'akov would examine it with a straw, we mean that - he passed a straw over the outside, like we learned above regarding a needle.

(d)Rav Shizbi compares our geese to water fowl - because they are constantly in the water.

8)

(a)Rebbi Yochanan citing Rebbi Yossi ben Yehoshua gave the Shi'ur of yellowness of the innards that renders T'reifah a bird that falls into the fire - as a Mashehu (like the Shi'ur of a puncture in the same area).

(b)Initially, Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi objected to his son's She'eilah as to what the Din will be if the lower end of the liver (that adjoins the intestines) has turned yellow - on the grounds that if it was missing, the animal would be Kasher, so why should the fact that it has turned yellow be any worse?

(c)Rava however, upheld the She'eilah - based on the assumption that once the liver adjoining the intestines has turned yellow, it is a clear sign that the animal fell into the fire, and that the intestines shrunk (in which case the bird is T'reifah).

9)

(a)When Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi sent Rebbi Elazar ha'Kapar b'Rivi a chicken whose intestines were yellow - the latter declared it Kasher.

(b)When our Mishnah, which declares a bird with yellow innards (that falls into the fire) T'reifah - it is referring (not to the intestines, which are naturally yellow, but) to the gizzard, the heart and the liver, which are naturally red.

(c)And when Rebbi Yitzchak bar Yosef sent Rebbi Avahu a chicken whose intestines were red - he declared it T'reifah ...

(d)... because when our Mishnah declares a chicken with red innards, Kasher, that refers specifically to the same three organs (the gizzard, the heart and the liver [because whatever is naturally red, is T'reifah when it turns yellow, and vice-versa]).

10)

(a)Rav Shmuel bar Chiya Amar Rebbi Mani rules that if the gizzard, the heart or the liver of a bird fall into a fire and turn yellow - it will nevertheless be Kasher if it turns back to red after it has been cooked ...

(b)... because it only turned yellow in the first place - on account of the smoke.

(c)Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak extrapolates from Rebbi Mani's ruling that if the same three limbs do not immediately turn yellow, but only after they have been cooked - the animal is a T'reifah.

(d)We object to Rav Ashi, who (based on Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak), forbids eating a bird that fall into the fire, and whose three limbs have not turned yellow, before cooking them to see whether or not, they will turn yellow - on the grounds that we do not assume defects that we do not see (as we learned above on Daf 43).

11)

(a)We learned in our Mishnah, that a bird that was trampled on or that was banged against the wall, is Kasher, provided it survives twenty-four hours - and provided one first examines its spinal cord to make sure that it is not broken, according to Rebbi Elazar ben Antignos in the name of Rebbi Elazar b'Rebbi Yanai.

12)

(a)Our Mishnah listing the cases that are Kasher by a bird, begins with 'Nikvah ha'Gargeres O she'Nisd'kah'. The bird will be Kasher ...

1. ... if it is struck by a weasel on its head - in a location which does not normally render it T'reifah (not in the vicinity of the brain).

2. ... if its intestines spilled out (and arre returned) - as long as they are not punctured.

(b)The Tana Kama declares the bird Kasher - if its Zefek (crop) is punctured.

(c)Rebbi - permits the bird even if the Zefek has been removed.

(d)The Tana rules that a bird with broken wing-bones, broken legs or with its plumage removed is - Kasher.

(e)Rebbi Yehudah declares one that is missing the fluff next to its skin - T'reifah.

13)

(a)The Beraisa describes how Rebbi Sima'i and Rebbi Tzadok, on their way to Lud - to declare that year a leap-year, spent Shabbos in Ono.

(b)The Tana records 'Horu be'Tarpachas - (the womb) ke'Rebbi be'Zefek'.

(c)We suggest that this might mean that they forbade an animal with its womb removed, but permitted a bird minus its crop, like Rebbi. Alternatively, it means that - they permitted a bird with its womb removed (like Rebbi permitted one without its crop), though they did not agree with Rebbi's ruling.

(d)The outcome of the She'eilah is - Teiku.

14)

(a)Rabah (or Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi) gave the roof of the crop - the Din of a Veshet.

(b)Rav Bibi bar Abaye defines the roof of the crop as - the top of the crop where it begins to narrow as it runs into the Veshet.

15)

(a)Our Mishnah permits a bird whose intestines have come out (and are returned), as long as they are not punctured. Rebbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak qualifies this ruling - by confining it to where they are returned exactly as they came out, but if they are turned upside-down, either entirely or in part, the bird is T'reifah.

(b)We learn this from the Pasuk in Ha'azinu "Hu Ascha Vayechon'necha" - which implies that man is made with a base, and that the position of the parts that sit on the base may not be tampered with (and the same, it appears, applies to animals and birds).

(c)Rebbi Meir in a Beraisa, learns from this Pasuk that - Hash-m created Yisrael fully established, and that their Kohanim, their prophets, their princes and their kings all come from within its ranks.

16)

(a)When a certain Nochri saw a man falling off a roof and his intestines spill out - he fetched the fallen man's son and pretended (using sleight of hand) to slaughter him in front of his father.

(b)He did that - so that the father would sigh deeply, and inhale his intestines in the process.

(c)The Nochri did not return the intestines himself - because he was afraid to tamper with the intestines, as we just learned.

(d)He succeeded in his mission, and stitched up the wounded man's open stomach.