1)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses what a person who is invited for a Shabbos meal by a friend must do if he does not trust him with regard to Ma'asros. The Mishnah in the fourth Perek, which permits him to eat on the first Shabbos - is referring exclusively to where a. his friend made a Neder to that effect (see Tos. Yom-Tov); b. the first Shabbos after he marries of a child and where c. the Chasan and Kalah are a Bachur and a Besulah respecively (as we learned there).

2)

(a)The Tana permits him to accept the invitation - provided he verbally undertakes before Shabbos, to Ma'aser whatever he eats on Shabbos (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)He is also obligated to declare in advance - T'rumas Ma'aser and Ma'aser Sheini.

(c)He declares ...

1. ... that what he intends to actually Ma'aser on Shabbos (i.e. one hundredth of the total) is Ma'aser (see Tos. Yom-Tov), as are nine parts that are next it.

2. ... Ma'aser Sheini on the north or on the south side, and transfers its Kedushah on to a coin.

(d)He is permitted to separate the T'rumas Ma'aser on Shabbos - provided he verbalized the declaration before Shabbos.

3)

(a)Before partaking of the drinks that they pour out for him on Shabbos - the invitee must declare that what he will leave at the bottom of the cup will be T'rumas Ma'aser, and nine parts that are next to it Ma'aser Rishon.

(b)The problem the Yerushalmi has with this ruling, assuming that he declares the Ma'asros to be effective ...

1. ... immediately is - that the T'rumas Ma'aser is mixed with the Chulin, rendering it all Meduma.

2. ... only after he has drunk the bulk of the contents - that what he drinks is Tevel.

(c)He should therefore say - that he is declaring the remainder T'rumas Ma'aser when he has drunk the bulk of the cup, but that it takes effect retroactively from the time of the declaration (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'she'Ani ... ').

(d)The same ruling also applies - to the food that he is served (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

4)

(a)The Mishnah requires a laborer who is served dried figs by an employer whom he does not trust - to take one dried fig and to declare that it, plus the nine dried figs that come after it, are all Ma'aser, and that the first one is T'rumas Ma'aser.

(b)When the Tana says u'Ma'aser Sheini ba'Acharonah', he means - that Ma'aser Sheini follows immediately) and not 'literally 'at the end' [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(c)He learns that 'ba'Acharonah has this connotation from the Pasuk in Vayishlach - "va'Yasem es ha"Shefachos Rishonah, ve'es Le'ah vi'Yeladehah Acharonim, ve'es Rachel vi'Yeladehah Achronim".

(d)The problem that this solves regarding the Pasuk in Chagai 'Gadol Yih'yeh Kavod ha'Bayis ha'Acharon ... " is - that it does not now rule out the third Beis-ha'Mikdash (even thoughy the second one had not yet been built.

5)

(a)The laborer ends up actually separating - one fig from his own portion of figs.

(b)R. Shimon ben Gamliel forbids the laborer to refrain from eating one extra fig - because then he will not work conscientiously for his employer.

(c)He must therefore - purchase a dried fig from his employer.

(d)According to R. Yossi - the owner is obligated to reimburse him for the fig of T'rumas Ma'aser (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(e)... since it is a T'nai Beis-Din that whereas the onus of Ma'aser Sheini lies with the laborer, that of T'rumas Ma'aser lies with the owner.

6)

(a)Our Mishnah now discusses what a person who purchases wine from a Kuti (see Tos. Yom-Tov) must do. He cannot simply Ma'aser it there and then - because the Tana is speaking about the time-period of dusk on Erev Shabbos (when it is forbidden to Ma'aser, as we learned in Shabbos), either if he purchased the wine then or if he forgot to Ma'aser it beforehand (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'she'Ani Asid Lehafrish').

(b)He is nevertheless permitted to declare the Ma'asros - because Chazal only forbade separating them then.

(c)This Mishnah is not applicable nowadays - because when they discovered the image of a dove on Har Gerizim, the Chachamim issued a decree, rendering the Kutim like Nochrim, whose wine is forbidden (as we have already learned).

7)

(a)For Terumah (assuming that he purchased a hundred Lugin) he is obligated to separate - two Lugin.

(b)Unlike the previous cases, he is obligated to separate Terumah - because, as opposed to an Am ha'retz, whatever a Kuti sells is Tevel (and not just D'mai [see Tiferes Yisrael]).

(c)When he says 'the two Lugin that I am going to separate', he means - after Shabbos (as we are about to explain).

8)

(a)The Chachamim did not ...

1. ... permit him to Ma'aser it before drinking it on Shabbos itself, like they did in the previous cases - because that Heter pertains exclusively to D'mai, but not to Tevel; and it is for the same reason that they did not ...

2. ... obligate him to separate T'rumas Ma'aser, like they did there - since that is for the Levi to do, after he receives the Ma'aser Rishon.

(b)He then declares - nine Lugin of wine Ma'aser Rishon

(c)When the Tana says 'nine (Lugin) for Ma'aser Sheini', he really means - a tenth of nine Lugin (which works out to a fraction less than nine Lugin.

(d)And he concludes 'Meichal ve'Shoseh', which means, either that he begins to drink - or that he may dilute it and drink it.

9)

(a)The author (of this entire procedure) must be R. Meir - since he is the Tana who holds 'Yesh Bereirah' even by a d'Oraysa.

(b)The Halachah is - in the current case, the food and drink is forbidden until he Ma'asers it after Shabbos.

(c)... since we hold 'bi'd'Oraysa Ein Bereirah.

10)

(a)Someone who is in the Beis-Hamedrash, and who wishes to Ma'aser the Tevel figs that he has at home - must follow the same procedure as the one described in the previous Mishnah.

(b)He cannot simply go home and Ma'aser them there and then - because here too, the Tana is speaking about Erev Shabbos afternoon, where the owner is afraid that by the time he arrives home, it will be too late to Ma'aser them.

(c)If the figs are (not Tevel but) D'mai, the Tana requires him to say - 'That what I am going to separate tomorrow is Ma'aser, plus nine parts next to it. What I made Ma'aser (and separated) is T'rumas Ma'aser. And Ma'aser Sheini is on the north (or on the south) and is redeemed on a coin.

11)

(a)If someone, who has two baskets of Tevel in front of him, declares 'Ma'asros (see Tos. Yom-Tov) shel Zu be'Zu' - the first one is considered Ma'asered (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... and he separates Ma'asros from the second basket to cover both baskets.

(c)Having fixed Ma'aser in the second basket - he is no longer permitted to Ma'aser either basket via another source.

12)

(a)If he says 'Ma'asros shel Zu be'Zu, ve'shel Zu be'Zu' - the first basket is rectified (see Tos. Yom-Tov),but not the second one ...

(b)... because the moment he declares 'Ma'asros shel Zu be'Zu' - the first basket is rectified, and one cannot take Ma'asros from what is Patur to cover what is Chayav ...

(c)... leaving him with the obligation to separate Ma'asros from the second basket to cover both baskets (like in the previous case).

13)

(a)For both baskets to be rectified, the owner would have to say - 'Kalkalah ba'Chavertah'.

(b)This could mean that he now separates Ma'asros from basket b. to rectify basket a., and vice-versa. It is more correct, however, to explain - that he retains the option of separating Ma'asros from whichever basket he wishes (to cover both baskets).

14)

(a)The Tana rules in a case where a hundred Sa'ah of Tevel and a hundred Sa'ah of Chulin got mixed-up - that one needs to separate a hundred and one Sa'ah.

(b)From ...

1. ... the hundred - he separates Ma'aser Rishon and Ma'aser Sheini like the Din, whilst ...

2. ... the one - he declares T'rumas Ma'aser.

(c)The reason for the latter ruling is - because the Chulin adopts the Din of Tevel with regard to T'rumas Ma'aser exclusively (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Tana does not mention Terumah Gedolah - because he is speaking where the owner already separated it.

(e)The owner loses - one Sa'ah due to the mixture.

15)

(a)And the same amount needs to be separated initially there where a hundred Tevel got mixed-up with a hundred Ma'aser (Rishon). From the hundred of Tevel - he separates Ma'aser Rishon and Ma'aser Sheini like the Din, whilst the one of Ma'aser - he declares T'rumas Ma'aser on the batch of Tevel ...

(b)... because, like with Chulin, the Ma'aser adopts the Din of Tevel with regard to T'rumas Ma'aser.

(c)To rectify the remaining ninety-nine Sa'ah of Ma'aser - he separates nine and nine tenths Sa'ah as T'rumas Ma'aser.

(d)In this case, due to the mixture - he loses nine-tenths of a Sa'ah.

16)

(a)And if a hundred Sa'ah of rectified Chulin (see Tos. Yom-Tov) became mixed-up with a hundred Sa'ah of Ma'aser Rishon (see Tos. Yom-Tov), he separates a hundred and ten; the hundred - from which to separate the Ma'aser ...

(b)... the ten - to become T'rumas Ma'aser.

(c)In this case, due to the mixture - he loses ten Sa'ah.

(d)We do not likewise obligate him to separate ten Sa'ah for T'rumas Ma'aser from the Tevel in the previous case (where the Ma'aser became mixed-up with the Tevel) - because whatever gets mixed-up reverts to its original status. Consequently, whereas the Ma'aser in the latter case adopts the Din of Tevel, Tevel in the former case, does not adopt the Din of Ma'aser.

17)

(a)Finally rules, in a case where a hundred Sa'ah of Tevel became mixed-up in ninety of Ma'aser, or ninety of Tevel in eighty of Ma'aser - the owner loses nothing ...

(b)... because the extra ten Sa'ah of Tevel is considered an external source from which to separate T'rumas Ma'aser, in which case it is no longer necessary to separate from the Ma'aser to rectify the Tevel.

(c)The principle that governs this ruling is - that wherever the Tevel exceeds the Ma'aser (by at least ten Sa'ah [see Tos. Yom-Tov]), the owner will not sustain a loss.

18)

(a)The Tana now discusses a case where a person has ten by ten rows of barrels, each comprising ten barrels, and he declares one barrel in the outer row Ma'aser - with the intention of rectifying other Tevel wine that he owns (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The problem now is - that he forgot which row he referred to.

(c)He solves it - by designating two barrels from diagonally-opposite corners (e.g. one from the south-east and one from the north-west), and by then pouring half of each into a third barrel (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(d)... since, by doing so, he has taken a barrel from whichever of the four outer rows that he initially designated.

19)

(a)If he declares one barrel in half the outer row Ma'aser, and then forgets which half row he referred to - he takes one barrel from each corner (and pours a quarter of each into a fifth barrel.

(b)If he declared one barrel in one of the rows Ma'aser - he takes one entire diagonal row (that runs either from north-east to south-west or from north-west to south-east) and pours a tenth from each into another barrel ...

(c)... because then, he has taken a barrel from each row, irrespective of whether he initially designated the barrel from a row that runs east to west or from one that runs from north to south.

(d)Whereas if he said one barrel in one of the half-rows - then he must take both diagonal rows, because then, he has taken a barrel from each half- row (see Tos. Yom-Tov).