1)

(a)The Mishnah now describes how to Ma'aser what one purchases from a baker who is a Chaver - who sells in large quantities (whereas the Mishnah in the second Perek, which obligates the baker himself to Ma'aser before selling, speaks about one who sells in small quantities [as we explained there]).

(b)One reason that the Chachamim were strict with the baker there is because, his income is higher; the other is - because, since he sells in small amounts, children sometimes purchase from him, and we are afraid that if he does not Ma'aser first, they will eat Tevel.

(c)Besides Chalah - he is obligated to separate T'rumas Ma'aser and Ma'aser Sheini.

(d)After declaring one hundredth of all that is in front of him (see Tos. Yom-Tov) on a specific spot Ma'aser Rishon - he declare the remaining nine tenths Ma'aser Rishon next to it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2)

(a)One needs to divide the Ma'aser into two parts - in order to facilitate the separation of T'rumas Ma'aser (i.e. the initial hundredth that he declared Ma'aser).

(b)One is obligated to separate as Chalah - one forty-eighth.

(c)He separates it - after having declared Ma'aser Rishon (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The final stage in the procedure - is the separation of Ma'aser Sheini, which, once again, he performs by pinpointing it 'in the north' or 'in he south' (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and which he then redeems on a coin (see Tiferes Yisrael).

3)

(a)If a purchaser wishes to give Terumah and T'rumas Ma'aser in one go, he initially needs to separate (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - one thirty-three and a third (three per hundred [Ibid]) of the bread ...

(b)... incorporating Terumah Gedolah and T'rumas Ma'aser.

(c)He then declares ...

1. ... one of the hundredths (on the north side, say) - Chulin (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... the remaining two hundredths (on the south side) - Terumah Gedolah, and.

4)

(a)... the hundredth plus nine parts that are next to it, Ma'aser Rishon.

(b)Before declaring Chalah (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and Ma'aser Sheini - he declares the hundredth T'rumas Ma'aser.

(c)He actually declares a bit less than nine complete parts Ma'aser (See Tiferes Yisrael) - because the Terumah that he has already declared is not subject to T'rumas Ma'aser.

5)

(a)The author of our Mishnah is Aba Elazar ben Gomel - who permits taking T'rumas Ma'aser (like Terumah Gedolah, to which everyone agrees) by assessment (without actually measuring it [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)That will enable us to explain the Mishnah even there where the owner declares nine complete parts Ma'aser - because he also permits taking T'rumas Ma'aser generously (even if it is a little more than the required amount).

6)

(a)We might have thought that someone who Ma'asers what he has purchased from a baker is forbidden to Ma'aser from bread that has already cooled down, to cover bread that is still warm - because the former is considered inferior-quality bread, and Lechatchilah, one is forbidden to Ma'aser from inferior food to cover better-quality food, as we learned in Kidushin (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Mishnah nevertheless permits it - because, since Bedi'eved, the Ma'aser is valid, by D'mai it is permitted even Lechatchilah.

7)

(a)R. Meir permits Ma'asering from one baking-tin to cover many baking-tins. We might have thought that it is forbidden - because of the possibility that yesterday's tin was purchased from someone who did not Ma'aser, and today's, from someone who did, in which case one will Ma'aser from what is Patur on what is Chayav.

(b)He nevertheless permits it - because he holds that bakers tend to purchase from the same vendor.

(c)R. Yehudah - forbids them even in the same tin, if they were baked on two different days ...

(d)... but he concedes One reason that the Chachamim were strict with the baker there is because, his income is higher - if they were baked on the same day, even in two different tins (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

8)

(a)R. Shimon forbids Ma'asering T'rumas Ma'aser in this way, even if the two breads were baked on the same day - if they were baked in two different baking-tins ...

(b)... because the fact that they were baked in two baking-tins, indicates that they were purchased from two different people.

(c)He is nevertheless lenient with regard to Chalah - because even if they were, they only become subject to Chalah when the baker kneads them.

(d)The Halachah - is like R. Shimon.

9)

(a)R. Meir obligates someone who buys bread from a Palter - (a wholesaler who purchases loaves from the bakers and sells them in the market) to Ma'aser from each tin independently ...

(b)... because a Palter generally purchases his bread from a number of bakers (in which case each tin may well have been baked by a different baker).

10)

(a)R. Yehudah permits taking Ma'aser from one tin to cover all the tins - because he maintains that a Palter buys all his bread from the same baker, as long as he purchased them all on the same day (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... but not if he purchased them on different days, in which case he agrees with Rebbi Meir (even with regard to bread that one purchases from a Palter).

(c)He also agrees with him regarding bread that one purchases from a Manpol - (someone who buys from a number of Palterim and then sells to others [see Tiferes Yisrael]).

11)

(a)The Tana obligates ...

1. ... someone who buys food from a poor man (who goes from door to door collecting alms) and ...

2. ... a poor man who receives pieces of bread or pieces of cakes of figs (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - to Ma'aser from each item independently.

(b)But if it is not pieces of bread or cakes of figs, but fresh dates or dried figs - then he permits pressing them together before taking Ma'aser ...

(c)... because the Tana Kama holds 'yesh Bilah' (mixing, even by solids, is effective), in which case he will be taking from Chiyuv on to Chiyuv.

(d)R. Yehudah qualifies the latter ruling - inasmuch as it only applies if the each species that was given to him was the same size ...

(e)... because then, Bilah is ineffective, seeing as he may well be taking from the majority on the minority [see Tiferes Yisrael & Mishnah Rishonah - see also Bartenura & Tos Yom-Tov DH 'Aval ... ']).

12)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who purchases grain from a Siton - (a wholesaler, who buys grain from the farmers and re-sells it in large quantities [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)The Tana rules that if one purchases two batches of grain from a Siton, irrespective of whether they are ...

1. ... two different boxes or two different species (see Tos. Yom-Tov), or from ...

2. ... the same box and the same species - one is forbidden to Ma'aser one on the other.

(c)If the Siton claims that he bought them from the same person - he is believed (see Tiferes Yisrael), and the purchaser may Ma'aser one on the other.

13)

(a)The Tana rules that someone who purchases two batches of grain from a private person, irrespective of whether that they are from ...

1. ... the same box and the same town, or from ...

2. ... two different boxes or two different towns - is permitted to Ma'aser from one on the other ...

(b)... because either they have all been Ma'asered or they have not.

(c)He may only do so however - if the two batches consist of the same species and if they grew in the same year (since Ma'asering from one species on to the other, and from year on to the other is prohibited).

(d)If a private person is selling vegetables in the market, the Mishnah ...

1. ... permits the purchaser to Ma'aser from one batch to cover all the batches - if they are all picked from his own vegetable-garden (in which case they are either all Ma'asered or all not Ma'asered).

2. ... obligates him to Ma'aser each batch separately - if they are picked from vegetable-gardens belonging to others (since the likelihood exists that one owner Ma'asered and the other did not.

14)

(a)Someone who purchases two lots of Tevel from two different sellers - may Ma'aser one on the other.

(b)'Tevel' in this case means - Vaday Tevel which he purchased even from Chaverim, who informed him that it is Tevel.

(c)A Chaver may not sell Tevel - to an Am-ha'Aretz under any circumstances.

15)

(a)A Chaver is not normally permitted to sell Tevel unless it is necessary - because of the Chazakah that 'A Chaver does allow un-Ma'asered fruit to leave his domain' (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)'Necessary might mean - if a small quantity of Reuven's Chulin got mixed up in a large quantity of Shimon's Tevel (see Tos. Yom-Tov), which now needs to be rectified by Ma'asering the mixture from an external source).

(c)Seeing as an Am-ha'Aretz is not permitted to sell Tevel, if some of his Chulin fell into a batch of Tevel - he is obligated to approach a Chaver (see Tos. Yom-Tov), who will purchase Tevel in order to rectify his mixture.

16)

(a)The Mishnah permits Ma'asering fruit of a Yisrael on fruit that one purchased from a Nochri. The fruit of a Nochri - is subject to Ma'asros, according to this Tana (see Tos. Yom-Tov), who holds that a Nochri does not acquire land in Eretz Yisrael to exempt it from Ma'asros.

(b)And the Pasuk in B'har "ve'ha'Aretz Lo Simacher li'Tzemisus" - is a prohibition against doing so (rather than a factual impossibility [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(c)By the same token - one may also Ma'aser fruit that one purchased from a Nochri on that of a Yisrael.

17)

(a)Fruit that one buys from a Kuti is - Vaday Tevel (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... because the Kutim do not hold of the Isur of 'Lifnei Iver Lo Sitein Michshol' (i.e. they explain it literally [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(c)One is permitted to Ma'aser the fruit of ...

1. ... a Yisrael on that of a Kuti (i.e. that one purchased from him), and of ...

2. ... a Kuti on that of a Kuti (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

18)

(a)R. Eliezer - forbids Ma'asering the fruit of a Kuti (that one purchased from him) on that of another Kuti ...

(b)... because it sometimes happens that a Kuti Ma'asers fruit for himself before deciding to sell it, leaving the purchaser with one batch of Kuti fruit that has already been Ma'asered, and one that has not.

(c)These Dinim do not apply nowadays - because once they discovered the image of a pigeon that the Kutim were still worshipping, on Mount Gerizim, at which point that they issued a decree declaring them full-fledged Nochrim.

19)

(a)Crops that have grown in a plant-pot with a hole - are Tevel as if they had been planted in the ground.

(b)The size hole that is required in this regard is - that of a small root (which is smaller than a k'Zayis).

20)

(a)If one separates Terumah from what has grown from the ground to cover what has grown in a holed plant-pot, or vice-versa, the Terumah is valid ...

(b)... and is permitted even Lechatchilah.

(c)The reason that the Tana uses an expression of Bedi'eved - is to balance the Seifa, which is only valid Bedi'eved.

21)

(a)If one separates Terumah from a plant-pot without a hole on one with a hole, or vice-versa - the Terumah is valid.

(b)Nevertheless, in the latter case - he must separate T'rumos and Ma'asros on it before being allowed to eat it.

(c)'Terumah' that one separates 'min ha'Petur al ha'Chiyuv' or min ha'Chiyuv al ha'Petur' - is not valid min ha'Torah.

(d)The Chachcmim decreed in both the current cases that what he separated is Terumah - because, since he declared it Terumah, in order not to get into the habit of treating Terumah disrespectfully.

(e)In the former case, they did not obligate the owner to separate T'rumos and Ma'asros on it, like they did in the latter case - since it (min ha'Petur al ha'Chiyuv) was not Tevel to begin with.

22)

(a)The problem with regard to separating Terumah (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

1. ... D'mai on D'mai (see Tiferes Yisrael) is that - perhaps one of them has been 'Ma'asered' and the other one has not.

2. ... Vaday on D'mai is that - perhaps the D'mai has already been 'Masered' (in which case he is separating min ha'Chiyuv al ha'Petur.

(b)In the former case, the Mishnah therefore rules 'Terumah ve'Yachzor ve'Yitrom' (see Tos. Yom-Tov). The Tana does not require the Terumah to be rectified from another source (like it does in the Seifa [in case the Am-ha'Aretz did not Ma'aser that batch]) - because in this regard, we rely on the fact that the majority of Amei-ha'Aretz Ma'aser.

(c)In the latter case, the Mishnah rules - that although the Terumah is valid, it may not be eaten until it has been rectified from another source (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)... because - if the D'mai was not 'Ma'asered', it is a case of 'min ha'Chiyuv al ha'Petur' (in which case it remains Tevel).