1)

(a)There are some things that require Hechsher but not Machshavah, and others that require both. Hechsher means contact with water, Machshavah - the intention to eat it.

(b)The ramifications of the Mishnah's second ruling are that - unless those things both have Hechsher and one specifically has the intention of eating them (in the reverse order [Mishnah Achronah]), they will not become subject to Tum'ah.

(c)The two remaining combinations of Hechsher & Machshavah are - 1. that they require neither Hechsher nor Machshavah and 2. that they require Machshavah but not Hechsher.

(d)The Tana incorporates in the first ruling - whatever is considered a food for human consumption (see Tiferes Yisrael).

2)

(a)The Mihnah now opens a new list with someone who cuts off a piece of flesh from a human-being (see Tos. Yom-Tov), an animal, a wild beast or a bird, which are not Tamei anyway because of Basar min ha'Chai - since they are not complete limbs (which would be Tamei because of Eiver min ha'Chai).

(b)They pertain to - the second of the four rulings listed in the previous Mishnah (food that requires both Machshavah & Hechsher).

3)

(a)The Tana rules that a piece of Nivlas Of Tamei or a piece of Cheilev in a village - belongs in this list.

(b)Nivlas Of Tamei is not Tamei anyway, and therefore requires Machshavah - because it is not Metamei Tum'ah Chamurah (it is not Metamei Adam ve'Keilim, since it is not an Av ha'Tum'ah).

(c)A piece of Cheilev (see Tos. Yom-Tov) in a town - does not require Machshavah ...

(d)... seeing as there many people there who come to visit the market, out of whom there are many who would eat it (which is not the case in a village).

4)

(a)The Mishnah includes in this list all field vegetables except for Mishmarka'im (a sharp species of onion) and mushrooms. The former require Machshavah - because they are not planted in the garden, seeing as they are not generally designated as food for humans.

(b)R. Yehudah also precludes K'risei Sadeh - (wild leek), Regilah (a kind of herb) & Netz-Chalav.

(c)Netz-Chalav is either a kind of flower that is white like milk, or - a herb from which flows a milky substance when it is cut.

5)

(a)R. Shimon adds Akaviyos to the exceptions - a kind of thorn (which the Torah calls 'Dardar'), and R. Yossi, K'losin.

(b)What R. Yehudah, R. Shimon and R. Yossi all have in common is that - each one considers the species that they refer to as food that is designated for humans.

(c)Consequently, all these items - fit into the second category (which requires Machsahvah & Hechsher).

6)

(a)The Neveilah of a Tamei (non-Kasher) animal (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

1. ... requires Machshavah - because it is not generally eaten.

2. ... does not require Hechsher - because it will ultimately be Metamei Tum'ah Chamurah.

(b)Despite the fact that the former is Metamei anyway, it nevertheless requires Machshavah to be Metamei Tum'as Ochlin - in a case where less than a k'Zayis of it combines with less than a k'Beitzah of food to make up the Shi'ur k'Beitzah.

(c)The Tana includes the Neveilah of a Tahor bird in this list (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - in the villages, where it is not generally eaten.

(d)It does not require Hechsher - because it too, will ultimately be Metamei Tum'ah Chamurah ...

(e)... inasmuch as whoever eats it is Metamei the clothes he is wearing.

7)

(a)The Neveilah of a Beheimah Tehorah requires neither Machshavah nor Hechsher. The Tana adds to the list ...

1. ... the Neveilah of a Tahor bird and ...

2. ... Cheilev - in the markets (where there are many people, as we explained earlier).

(b)The ...

1. ... former does not require Hechsher - because it is Metamei the person who eats it Tum'ah Chamurah.

2. ... latter does not require Hechsher - because the Tana is referring to the Cheilev of a Tamei animal, which is Metamei Tum'ah Chamurah just like its flesh (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)R. Shimon includes in this list the Neveilah of a camel, hare and rabbit - in the market.

(d)The other animal he includes is - a Chazir.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

8)

(a)The Mishnah rules that a Zar who eats aniseed of Terumah after it has added taste to the pot - is not Chayav for eating Terumah ...

(b)... because it loses its status, and is considered like a mere piece of wood.

(c)It is not considered food - with regard to Tum'as Ochlin either.

9)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, the tender branches of trees during the budding season (Lulvei Zeradim [see also Tiferes Yisrael]) and of an Adol (a vegetable similar to a radish) become subject to Tum'as Ochlin - only when they turn sweet (because that is when they are considered a food), and the same applies to ...

(b)... a species of onion called Luf ha'Shoteh.

(c)R. Shimon adds to the list Paku'os, which means either a small species of water-melon which has a bitter taste - or a wild pumpkin.

(d)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

10)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a variety of spices, including Kosht (Kostus), Chemes, and what it calls 'main spices (such as muscat-nuts and Nerd (spikanard [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]). Chemes is either ginger - or cinnamon.

(b)The Tana rules that - they (and the items that follow) may be purchased with the money of Ma'aser Sheini.

(c)The list concludes with Ti'ah, Chiltis, Pilpelin & Chalos Chari'a. Ti'ah is a species of Chiltis and Chalos Chari'a - is wild Saffron (that grows in the forest [see Tiferes Yisrael & also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(d)What they have in common is - that they all have a foul smell.

11)

(a)R. Akiva learns from the Pasuk in Re'ei "ve'Nasata ha'Kesef ... ve'Achalta Sham" - that the above items are not subject to Tum'as Ochlin ...

(b)... (in spite of the fact that they all enhance the taste or the smell of the food to which they are added) - because they cannot be eaten as they are.

(c)R. Yochanan ben Nuri disagrees with R. Akiva. According to him - if they can be purchased with money of Ma'aser Sheini, then they must be subject to Tum'as Ochlin, and if they are not subject to Tum'as Ochlin, then they cannot be purchased with Ma'aser Sheini money.

(d)The Halachah is like R. Yochanan ben Nuri - They are not Metamei Tum'as Ochlin and cannot be purchased with Ma'aser Sheini money.

12)

(a)R. Akiva declares

1. ... Pagin - figs (or any other fruit that is not yet ripe) and ...

2. ... Boser - unripe grapes, subject to Tum'as Ochlin.

(b)The Shi'ur Boser is - the size of a large white bean.

(c)Pagin - is an earlier stage than Boser.

(d)According to R. Yochanan ben Nuri - they are only Metamei Tum'as Ochlin once they reach the stage of Ma'aser (as prescribed in Ma'asros), which is a later stage than that of the Tana Kama (see Tiferes Yisrael).

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

13)

(a)According to Beis Shamai, Peritzei Zeisim va'Anavim - olives and grapes that harden before they turn ripe, which cannot be pressed [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) are subject to Tum'as Ochlin.

(b)They are called by that name - because the equivalent term used with regard to people means tough (evil) men.

14)

(a)On the other hand, Beis Shamai do not consider Ketzach (poppy-seeds) subject to Tum'ah. Even though it is not a food, one adds it to the bread - because it prevents a pain in the heart.

(b)Beis Hillel - declares it Metamei Tum'as Ochlin.

(c)When the Tana concludes ve'Chein le'Ma'asros, he means that - just as the Tana'im argue over Tum'as Ochlim, so too do they argue over whether the items are subject to Ma'aser or not.

15)

(a)The Mishnah considers Kor - (soft wood that grows on top of a date-palm, which is edible) wood to all intents and purposes ...

(b)... but only during the winter, when it turns hard.

(c)The ramifications of the Mishnah's ruling are that - it is not Mitamei Tum'as Ochlin.

(d)Nevertheless, it can be purchased with the money of Ma'aser Sheini - because it is P'ri mi'P'ri and grows from the ground (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(e)During the summer - it is considered food.

16)

(a)The Tana considers Kofniyos (dates that are not yet properly ripe) food (see Tiferes Yisrael) regarding Tum'as Ochlin. Yet they are not subject to Ma'asros - because they have not yet reached the stage of Ma'asros.

17)

(a)According to Beis Shamai, a fish is subject to Tum'ah from the moment it is caught. Beis Hillel declare it Tahor - until it dies.

(b)R. Akiva qualifies Beis Hillel - in that it is only Tahor as long as it will survive if it thrown back into the water (but not if is will not).

(c)The Halachah is - like Beis Hillel.

18)

(a)R. Yehudah declares Tahor the figs on a branch that has been severed from the tree but is still connected by the bark - because it is considered still attached to the ground (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)According to the Chachamim - it depends on whether the branch will continue to grow if it is tied to the tree or not (like R. Akiva in the previous ruling).

(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

(d)The Mishnah declares Tahor a stalk of wheat that has been severed from the ground - provided it is joined to the ground even by one small root.

19)

(a)The Mishnah learns from the Pasuk in Tzav "ve'Cheilev Neveilah ... Ye'aseh le'Chol Melachah" that - the Cheilev of a Tahor species of animal (see Tos. Yom-Tov) that died (see Tos. Yom-Tov) is not Metamei Tum'as Neveilos.

(b)It therefore requires Hechsher - since any food that is not ultimately subject to a more stringent Tum'ah, requires Hechsher before it becomes subject to Tum'as Ochlin.

20)

(a)The Cheilev of a Tamei species of animal on the other hand - is Metamei Tum'as Neveilos, and does not therefore, require Hechsher.

(b)The Tana learns this from "ve'Cheilev T'reifah" in the above Pasuk - in that the above ruling pertains specifically to the Cheilev of those species of animal which are subject to T'reifah, but not to the Cheilev of those that are not (that of non-Kasher animals, whose becoming T'reifah is synonymous with their Shechitah).

(c)Seeing as it is Tamei Tum'as Neveilos anyway, the latter ruling must refer to a case - of less than a k'Zayis of Cheilev from a Beheimah Teme'ah, which one combines with less than a k'Beitzah of food to make up the Shi'ur k'Beitzah (as we learned earlier in the Perek).

(d)It does however, require Machshavah (just like the meat, as we learned earlier in the Perek).

21)

(a)The Tana rules that Tamei species of fish and locusts require Machshavah - in the villages (but not in the towns [see Tiferes Yisrael]), in order to become subject to Tum'as Ochlin.

(b)They require Hechsher everywhere however,...

(c)... because they are not subject to Tum'as Neveilos.

22)

(a)A beehive that is ...

1. ... attached to the ground with cement has the Din of - Karka (land).

2. ... held aloft by means of pegs has the Din of - Metaltelin (movables).

(b)R. Eliezer and the Chachamim are arguing over - a beehive that is placed on the ground, without being attached to it.

23)

(a)R. Eliezer ascribes to it the Din of Karka - inasmuch as one can acquire it by means of Kesef, Sh'tar and Chazakah (money, documentation and taking ownership).

(b)He also lists three other areas of Halachah that are affected by his ruling, the first of which is that one may write a P'ruzbul - a Sh'tar that Beis-Din write on behalf of the creditor, who has handed them all debts that are coming to him, which declares that Sh'mitah will not negate the negate his debts).

(c)The ramifications of R. Eliezer's ruling in this regard are that - if the debtor owns beehives, Beis-Din can write a P'ruzbul for the creditor (which they will not do if he would own only Metaltelin).

(d)The second Halachah is that - it is not subject to Tum'ah in its place (see Tos. Yom-Tov and Tiferes Yisrael).

24)

(a)The third Halachah affected by R. Eliezer's opinion is that - whoever extracts honey from the beehive on Shabbos is Chayav (as if he had detached it from the ground).

(b)And he learns it from the Pasuk in Shmuel (in connection with Yonasan, the son of Shaul) "Vayitbol osah be'Ya'aras ha'Devash" - from the Pasuk's usage of the term "Ya'ar" (forest), which is otherwise superfluous, and which comes to compare extracting honey from a beehive to detaching fruit from a tree as regards Shabbos.

(c)The Chachamim maintain that - a beehive has the Din of Metaltelin, inasmuch as ...

(d)... it cannot be acquired by means of Kesef, Sh'tar and Chazakah, one does not write a P'ruzbul on it, it is subject to Tum'ah and one is not Chayav for extracting honey from it on Shabbos.

25)

(a)Assuming that the honey in the honeycombs is considered a food, Beis Shamai and Beis Hillel argue over which point converts it into a liquid, with regard to - being subject to becoming a Rishon (even via a Toldah [see also Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)Beis Shamai say 'mi'she'Yecharcher' (See following question), Beis Hillel - 'mi'she'Yerasek' (from the time that he crushes it).

26)

(a)mi'she'Yecharcher might mean from the time the beekeeper smokes the hive - to force the bees to leave the hive ...

(b)... literally - to wage war with the bees.

(c)The word might also mean - to heat up.

(d)A third meaning of the word in the Mishnah is based on the text 'mi'she'Yeharher' (in place of 'mi'she'Yecharcher') - from the moment he decides to remove the honey.

27)

(a)R. Yehoshua ben Levi (see Tos. Yom-Tov) says that Hash-m is going to inherit to each and every Tzadik - three hundred and ten worlds (which also forms the word 'Yesh' [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) ...

(b)... meaning that - every Tzadik will enjoy in the World to Come pleasures that are equivalent to three hundred and ten times all the pleasures of this world (see also Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Shalosh Me'os ... ' & 've'Otzroseihem Amalei').

(c)The Mishnah mentions it here, to teach us that - this is the reward for learning and observing all that is written in the Mishnah.

(d)Rebbi closes Seider Taharos with the statement of R. Shimon ben Chalafta - 'Hakadosh-Baruch-Hu did not find a vessel to hold B'rachah that can compare with Shalom, as the Pasuk in Tehilim states ...

(e)"Hash-m Oz le'Amo Yiten, Hash-m Yevarech es Amo ba'Shalom" '! (see Tos. Yom-Tov).