1)

(a)The Mishnah discusses the case of an owner who locked his oil-press with the Badadin - workers who are Amei-ha'Aretz but whom he made Tovel before they began working (as we learned earlier) inside.

(b)He locked the door - because there were vessels that were Tamei Medras (which render whoever touches them an Av ha'Tum'ah) and he was afraid that the workers' friends might enter the olive-press, touch the Tum'ah and then the workers.

(c)R. Meir declares the oil-press Tamei - because the workers probably touched the Tamei Keilim and rendered everything else Tamei.

(d)Despite of the fact that the workers are Amei-ha'Aretz, R. Yehudah maintains that - seeing as they were specially Toveled for the occasion, they will take care not to become Tamei.

(e)R. Meir holds that in spite of the Tevilah, Amei ha'Aretz cannot be trusted not to touch the Tum'ah.

2)

(a)R. Shimon makes a compromise inasmuch as the Beis-ha'Bad is Tamei - if the Tum'ah is an object which the Amei-ha'Aretz maintain is Tahor (such as an object which Chazal declared Tamei because the wife of an Am-ha"Arfetz may have sat on it whilst she was a Nidah), but Tahor - if it is something which even they will concede is Tamei.

(b)R. Yossi declares the Beis-ha'Bad Tamei (like R. Meir [see Tos. Yom-Tov]), but - because we suspect that the Am-ha'Aretz, who may well be conversant with the laws of touching Tum'ah, is not aware of the Din that moving something that is Tamei Medras (without actually touching it) renders him Tamei, too.

(c)The Halachah - is like R. Yossi.

3)

(a)The Tana now discusses a case where there is Tamei liquid on the floor, and the workers are walking in and out of the olive-press bare-footed. The olives in the press are Tamei - because when the workers walk though the oil, it sticks to their feet, and when they begin to press the olives with their feet, the wet oil will render the olives a Sheini.

(b)They will remain Tahor however - if the distance from the Tamei liquid to the actual press is sufficient for the liquid sticking to their feet to dry before they reach it.

(c)If the workers are wearing shoes - the oil will become Tamei anyway, because the shoes, which are a Sheini and will render the oil in the press a Rishon ...

(d)... which is not the case when they are bare-footed, since Tamei liquid is Metamei vessels but not a person.

4)

(a)The Mishnah rules that workers who claim that they did not touch Tum'ah that is lying in the oil-press - are believed ...

(b)... provided the owner (who is a Chaver) is standing there (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(c)... and we are not afraid that perhaps the workers touched the Tum'ah without the owner's noticing.

5)

(a)The same ruling applies to ...

1. ... Botzrin - grape-pickers), but not to

2. ... Moskin - olive-pickers.

(b)The difference between the two lies in the fact that - the Chachamim required the former to be done be'Taharah, but not the latter ...

(c)... because in the case of grape-picking, they suspected that, to test whether his grapes are ready to be harvested, the owner will pick a bunch of grapes and squeeze it on to other grapes (thereby rendering them Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah), a suspicion that does not apply to olives (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

6)

(a)Finally, the Tana rules that if children of the workers, accompanied by their fathers, leave the wine-press to relieve themselves - they do not render the wine-press Tamei upon their return (see also Tiferes Yisrael) ...

(b)... provided they do not go so far away that the owner can no longer see them.

7)

(a)When R. Meir says that it will suffice for the owner to take the olive-workers and the grape-pickers into the cave - he is referring to the cave where the workers will Tovel, and he trusts them to Tovel correctly (see Tos. Yom-Tov)

(b)He is not afraid that - they themselves will not Tovel or that they will not Tovel the Keilim and then claim that they did.

(c)R. Yossi requires the owner to stand there until they have actually Toveled - in case they are not conversant with the Halachos of Tevilah and Chatzitzah.

8)

(a)R. Shimon - agrees with R. Meir regarding Keilim that the workers concede are Tamei, but with R. Yossi regarding Keilim that they consider Tahor ...

(b)... such as vessels belonging to another Am-ha'Aretz (similar to the compromise that he made earlier in the Perek).

(c)The Halachah - is like R. Yossi.

9)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a case where a person transports grapes from the basket or from the Mashte'ach shel Adamah - ground on which one has spread the picked grapes) to the wine-press.

(b)Grapes that are placed in a basket or on a Mashte'ach signifies - that one intends to eat them, and not make wine out of them.

(c)Consequently, they are not Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah (since Chazal only decreed on grapes that are picked for wine-making).

(d)Transporting them to the wine-press means that - the owner has changed his mind and that he now intends to make wine out of them.

10)

(a)Beis Shamai require the owner - to transport them with Tahor hands.

(b)Should he fail to do this, he renders the grapes Tamei. The problem is that, considering that hands are a Sheini le'Tum'ah - they will only render the grapes a Shelishi, and there is no Shelishi in Chulin.

(c)Beis Shamai might hold like R. Shimon ben Elazar - who maintains that S'tam Yadayim are a Rishon.

(d)Alternatively, we reconcile them even with the Chachamim of R. Shimon ben Elazar, assuming they hold that that grapes that are Tavul for Terumah already have the Din of Terumah (which is subject to Shelishi).

11)

(a)Beis Hillel rule that - the owner is permitted to transport the grapes with Tamei hands.

(b)The Mishnah concludes with a case where the owner placed the grapes in ...

1. ... an Avit - a K'li in which one places the grapes, or on ...

2. ... a Mashte'ach shel Alim - a mat of leaves, both of which one tends to place grapes that are meant for wine-making.

(c)The Tana rules that - the owner must be careful to transport the grapes with Tahor hands, even according to Beis-Hillel ...

(d)... who concede that the Chachamim issued a decree rendering Muchshar, grapes that one picks for the wine-press.

12)

(a)The Mishnah declares the winepress Tahor, even after someone with Tamei hands ate from the baskets or from the ground, and the grapes were cracked and juice was dripping from them all the way to the winepress - because they were picked to eat, in which case they are not Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah (as we already explained).

(b)The Tana now discusses a winepress (which is actually a K'li) into which there fell just one grape that one took from the Avit or the mat of leaves to eat, even though the grapes were not cracked, and he draws a distinction between whether the grape has a Chosem - it is sealed in that the stalk is still attached to it, thereby preventing the juice from emerging), or not.

(c)If it has a Chosem - then the winepress remains Tahor; If it hasn't, it is Tamei.

(d)In addition, before the winepress can become Tamei - one must have touched the grape at the point where the stalk has been removed ...

(e)... because otherwise - the Tamei grape does not render the winepress Tamei, since food is not Metamei Keilim, as we will now see).

13)

(a)A cluster of grapes that has been picked for wine-making and that is not cracked and that one touches with Tamei hands - is Tamei.

(b)Nevertheless, it is not Metamei the empty winepress into which it is placed - because food is not Metamei Keilim (as we just explained)

(c)Such a cluster will however, be Metamei the empty wine-press, should one proceed to press the grapes - provided that it contains more than a k'Beitzah ...

(d)... since then it is Metamei the first drop of juice that emerges, which in turn, is Metamei the winepress.

14)

(a)The spit of an Am ha'Aretz - is even Metamei Adam ve'Keilim, and certainly Ochlim u'Mashkim.

(b)The Mishnah now rules that if spit from an Am ha'Aretz's mouth lands in the vicinity of the winepress, and we are not sure whether it actually entered the winepress or not - the winepress remains Tahor ...

(c)... because we assume that it landed on the rim surrounding the winepress, which absorbed it and prevented it from falling into it.

(d)The Tosefta rules that in the case of an olive-press, it would be Tamei - because the oil would have made the rim slippery, in which case it would not have prevented the spit from falling into the press.

15)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is filling barrels of wine or oil from the press, and who finds a Sheretz in one of the barrels. The Tana rules that in a case where he finds the Sheretz in ...

1. ... the first barrel - all the barrels are Tamei.

2. ... the last barrel - only it is Tamei (and all the others are Tahor).

(b)The reason for the first ruling is - because the Sheretz in the first barrel was Metamei all the wine in the pit, irrespective of whether it was originally in the pit or in the barrel (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

16)

(a)If the Sheretz is found, not in the barrel, but in the Machatz - (the large earthenware vessel with which one fills barrels), then only the particular barrel from which one just drew is Tamei ...

(b)... because we assume that that is where the Sheretz was.

(c)In the above cases (see Tiferes Yisrael), all the barrels are Tamei (irrespective of where the Sheretz was found) - assuming that each barrel and the Machatz was examined and covered during each trip ...

(d)... because then the Sheretz must have been in the pit to begin with.

17)

(a)The Mishnah declares the area between the Igulin and the peels a R'shus ha'Rabim. An 'Igul' (in this context) is - a sort of heavy mill-stone that is placed on the peels after the grapes have been trodden on (see Tiferes Yisrael) to finish the process ...

(b)... and between the Igulin and the peels refers to - the space between the mill-stone and the pile of peels (should a Safek Tum'ah occur there).

(c)It is classified as a R'shus ha'Rabim - because due to the weight of the mill-stone, many people are needed to maneuver it.

18)

(a)The Tana gives the section of vineyard that is in front of the harvesters - the status of a R'shus ha'Yachid, but the section behind them - that of a R'shus ha'Rabim ...

(b)... because - whereas regarding the former, people (who have no business to be there) are afraid to enter it in case they are caught, regarding the latter, the poor are have permission to enter to collect Peret and Olelos (Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)The latter is considered a R'shus ha'Rabim however - provided it has two entrances (at opposite ends of that section of the vineyard, one through which the public enters, the other, through which they exit (See Tiferes Yisrael).

19)

(a)One of the Keilim of the wine and olive presses is Eikel Beis-ha'Bad - which is a basket made in the form of netting ...

(b)... into which one places the waste of the olives that have already been pressed, before loading a heavy weight on to them to extract more oil.

(c)In the event that they become Tamei, in order to be Metaher them, assuming they are made of ...

1. ... wood - one must wait until they dry (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... reeds, one either leaves thyem for twelve months - or one pours boiling water over them before Toveling them.

20)

(a)R. Yossi - permits placing the latter in the path of a fast-flowing section of river (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... to allow the water to remove any liquid that is still stuck to them.

(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.