1)

(a)Beis Shamai considers olives Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah mi'she'Yazi'u Ze'as ha'Ma'atan. Ma'atan is - a vat in which the olives are piled in order to become hot, prior to being pressed.

(b)What Beis Shamai then mean is that - the olives become Muchshar when they begin to sweat (juice begins to seep into the vat).

(c)Aval Lo Ze'as ha'Kupah. Kupah is - the basket into which they are placed immediately after being picked.

(d)The reason for the different rulings is - because whereas in the former case, the juice collects, in the latter, it simply drains (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2)

(a)R. Shimon gives the Shi'ur Hechsher as three days - because the juice that oozes from the olives prior to that is called (not oil, but) juice (which is not one of the seven liquids that are Machshir).

(b)Beis Hillel say that - the Shi'ur is as soon as three olives bunch together.

3)

(a)The last opinion is that of R. Gamliel, who gives the Shi'ur as mi'she'Tigamer Melachtan - the Melachah of bringing them in from the field.

(b)The olives are not Muchshar earlier - because the owner has no interest in the juice before that.

(c)We rule like R. Gamliel - because the Chachamim (in the Mishnah) agree with him.

4)

(a)The Mishnah rules that - the previous ruling applies to someone who has finished picking his olives, but who has the intention of purchasing or of borrowing more olives to add to the vat.

(b)This Tana holds like - R. Gamliel.

(c)And the same ruling will apply if the owner has to stop picking due to either Aveilus or a Simchah in the family, or some other Oneis that prevents him from completing the picking - provided he has in mind to complete the job later.

5)

(a)In the event that some liquid (see Tos. Yom-Tov) falls on the olives in the vat, the Mishnah rules that - only those specific olives are Muchshar Lekabel Tum'ah.

(b)Alternatively, the Tana is saying that - if Tamei liquid falls on the olives, then only the olives on which it falls become Tamei.

(c)The juice that oozes from the olives (the Mocheil) before they reach the stage of Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah is - Tahor (and is not Machshir Lekabeil Tum'ah [see Tiferes Yisrael) ...

(d)... because the owner has no interest in it.

6)

(a)If, after the G'mar Melachah, some Tamei liquid falls on to the olives - all the olives become Tamei (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... because the Mocheil that oozes from the olives after the G'mar Melachah (which is Machshir the olives) now mixes with the Tamei liquid, spreading the Tum'ah to all the olives.

7)

(a)R. Eliezer declares Tahor the Mocheil that oozes from the olives after the G'mar Melachah at that stage - because he holds that the Mocheil is not considered a liquid (neither as regards being Machshir nor as regards being subject to Tum'ah).

(b)The Chachamim - declare them Tamei.

(c)According to R. Shimon, both opinions agree that the juice that drips from the olives is Tahor, and they argue over - the Mocheil that remains in the pit after the olives have been removed, which the Chachamim declare Tamei (since it is bound to contain some drops of oil).

(d)The Halachah is like the Chachamim (according to the Tana Kama).

8)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses an Am ha'Aretz who completes the picking process after the time that most people have already pressed their olives. If he completes the picking before that, and claims that he guarded the olives from Tum'ah - he would be believed (as we learned in Chagigah).

(b)R. Meir therefore - requires him to leave one basket that he now sets aside for a Kohen Chaver to separate Ma'asros from it, on all the oil in the olive-press le'Einei Kohen (in front of the Kohen), so that the Kohen sees see that he has just finished the process of bringing the olives from the field).

(c)Some have the text le'Ani Kohen, which means that - one tends to hand the basket to a poor Kohen, due to the small amount involved (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)He does that - to avoid all his oil becoming D'mai, once they are added to the other olives, and are Muchshar Lekabeil Tum'ah (and, as we just explained, he will no longer be believed that he guarded the olives be'Taharah).

9)

(a)According to R. Yehudah, the olives only remain Tahor if the Am ha'Aretz also hands over the key to the basket (see Tiferes Yisrael) immediately - before nightfall (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)According to R. Yossi - the Am ha"Aretz must hand over the Kohen the key me'Eis-le'Eis (within twenty-four hours).

(c)The Halachah - is like R. Yehudah.

10)

(a)The Tana declares Muchshar olives that the owner placed in the mortar (ba'Kotesh) for a long period of time she'Yimtonu - in order to become soft and moist.

(b)Others have the text (not ba'Kotesh, but) ba'Kofesh - a large basket in which one places olives to become hot, and ready to press).

(c)They are Muchshar - via the juice that oozes from them, because they have already reached the stage of G'mar Melachah (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)According to Beis Shamai, the olives are Muchshar even if the owner ultimately intends to salt them. Beis-Hillel disagree - because if he does, it does not constitute G'mar Melachah.

11)

(a)The Mishnah rules that if someone presses Terumah (Tos. Yom-Tov) olives with Tamei hands - the olives become Muchshar and Tamei simultaneously ...

(b)... because Tamei hands render Terumah Pasul ...

(c)... and whatever renders Terumah Pasul, renders liquid a Rishon.

(d)He wants the juice that emerges from the olives - because it makes the olives more tasty.

12)

(a)The Mishnah declares not Muchshar, olives that one arranges on the roof le'Gargeram - to dry in the sun and to eat one by one (see also Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)Afilu hein be'Rum Amah - despite the fact that even as the top ones are drying, the bottom one are oozing juice.

(c)Alternatively, le'Garger means to eat one by one as they become sweet - in which case the Mishnah will read Muchsharim ...

(d)... Afilu hein be'Rum Amah - even though the olives at the bottom will not become sweet.

13)

(a)The Mishnah rules in a case where the olives are placed on the roof to become soft or to crack open that - they become Muchshar (via the juice that oozes from them).

(b)The owner then intends to dip them in salt and eat them.

(c)The olives in both this case and in the previous one are Muchshar (in spite of the fact that he intends to eat the olives rather than to produce oil) - because the juice that oozes from them enhances the taste.

14)

(a)The Tana now discusses a case where the owner arranges the olives temporarily in the house - until he finishes constructing the guard's hut (Shomirah) on the roof.

(b)In this case he rules that - the olives are not Muchshar ...

(c)... because he has no need for the juice that oozes from the olives.

15)

(a)Beis Shamai and Beis Hillel now argue over a pile of olives before the G'mar Melachah from which one wishes to take a twig or two to place in the olive-press. Both agree with the ruling Kotzeh be'Tum'ah - permitting him to cut the olives from the cluster (seeing as they are not yet Muchshar.

(b)Beis Shamai rule however, Mechapan be'Taharah (that he is now obligated to re-cover them be'Taharah) - because they consider the olives that remain Nigm'ru Melachtan (and are therefore subject to Tum'ah).

(c)Beis Hillel permit covering them be'Tum'ah, because - seeing as he intends to add to the remaining olives, they still fall under the category of Lo Nigmeru Melachtan, and are therefore not subject to Tum'ah.

(d)R. Yossi permits removing all the olives in the vat using metal choppers (even though metal vessels are subject to Tum'ah more than any others [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]) and take them to the olive-press be'Tum'ah.

(e)The Halachah is - like Beis Hillel.

16)

(a)Before moving olives from the vat to the olive-press - one places them in a mill to grind.

(b)The Mishnah rules that if a dead Sheretz is found in the mill - only the location that it is actually touching becomes Tamei ...

(c)... unless there is a film of juice surrounding the olives - in which case it becomes a Rishon and renders all the olives a Sheini (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

17)

(a)Assuming that we know for sure that nobody touched the Sheretz that one finds lying on the leaves during the course of the grinding - the olives in the vat are Tahor (since the leaves are not subject to Tum'ah).

(b)Regarding a case where we don't know, the Tana rules that - one asks the workers, who are believed to say that they did not touch the Sheretz, even though they are Amei-ha'Aretz (see Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)The workers are not automatically Tamei - because it is customary for the owner (Chaver) to specifically make his workers Tovel in a Mikveh before working with his olives.

(d)Even if just a hair of the Sheretz is touching one of the clusters of olives - they become Tamei (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

18)

(a)Still in connection with the same Sheretz, the Tana declares ...

1. ... Tamei the entire mass of olives, even if the clusters have all been broken up into little bunches, and the Sheretz is lying on one of them - provided it (the bunch) measures a k'Beitzah (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... Tahor all the remaining olives even if there is a k'Beitzah in the group of olives on which the Sheretz is lying - if the k'Beitzah is formed by a number of layers of olives, and the Sheretz is lying only on the top one (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)If the Sheretz is found between the olives and the wall - the olives are Tahor (because Tum'ah always depends upon the location where it is found).

19)

(a)The olives ...

1. ... in the vat which is on the roof, if one finds a dead Sheretz on the roof - are Tahor, and we do not assume that the Sheretz was brought on to the roof in the vat (together with the olives).

2. ... on the roof, if the Sheretz is found in the vat after they have been removed - are Tamei ...

(b)... because clearly, the Sheretz was brought on to the roof in the vat (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).

20)

(a)A burned Sheretz - is Tahor.

(b)We learn this from the Pasuk in Shemini (in connection with Sheratzim) "be'Mosam" (like when they died).

(c)The Mishnah now rules that the olives on which one finds a burned Sheretz - are Tahor.

21)

(a)The same applies to a burned garment - that is so burned that it resembles cobwebs.

(b)These rulings are based on the principle - that we gauge Tum'ah by the way it is found (in which case we do not suspect that it fell on to the olives before it became burned [see Tos. Yom-Tov, who has a different text in the Bartenura]).

(c)This principle applies - both Lehakeil and Lehachmir.