(a)What does the Mishnah rule regarding a Tamei person who Toveled, but is not sure whether ...
1. ... he Toveled properly or not?
2. ... the Mikvah contained forty Sa'ah or not?
(b)What is the third case listed by the Tana?
(c)On which principle are these rulings based?
1)
(a)The Mishnah rules that a Tamei person who Toveled, but is not sure whether ...
1. ... he Toveled properly or not, or whether ...
2. ... the Mikvah contained forty Sa'ah or not. remains Tamei.
(b)The third case listed by the Mishnah is - where the person Toveled in one of two Mikva'os, one of which contained forty Sa'ah, and the other one which did not.
(c)All these rulings are based on the principle - Uki Gavra a'Chezkasei (Place the person on his Chazakah), and the Tamei has a Chezkas Tum'ah.
Mishnah 2
2)
(a)The Tana now discusses somebody who Toveled in a Mikvah that is found to be short of forty Sa'ah. What does he rule in a case where the Mikvah is situated in ...
1. ... a R'shus ha'Yachid?
2. ... a R'shus ha'Rabim?
(b)Why, in the latter case, does the principle Safek Tum'ah bi'Reshus ha'Rabim, Tahor not apply here?
2)
(a)The Tana now discusses a Mikvah that is found to be short of forty Sa'ah. He initially declares Tamei - anything that was Toveled in it (retroactively [see Tos. Yom-Tov]), irrespective of whether the Mikvah is situated in ...
1. ... a R'shus ha'Yachid, or in ...
2. ... a R'shus ha'Rabim.
(b)The reason that the principle Safek Tum'ah bi'Reshus ha'Rabim, Tahor does not apply here is - because this is a case of Safek Taharah and not Safek Tum'ah'.
3)
(a)To which specific case does this stringent ruling apply?
(b)But regarding Tum'ah Kalah, the Tana declares him Tahor. To which of the aforementioned cases does this ruling pertain?
(c)What about a case where a. the person is not sure whether he Toveled properly and b. he is not sure whether the Mikvah contained forty Sa'ah or not, bearing in mind that this is a S'fek S'feika?
(d)What is the definition of ...
1. ... Tum'ah Chamurah? (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).
2. ... Tum'ah Kalah?
3)
(a)This stringent ruling is restricted however - to Tum'ah Chamurah (a stringent Tum'ah).
(b)But in the case of Tum'ah Kalah, the Tana declares him Tahor. This ruling pertains - to all the above-mentioned cases.
(c)And it will even apply to a case where a. the person is not sure whether he Toveled properly *and* b. he is not sure whether the Mikvah contained forty Sa'ah or not (even though this is a S'fek S'feika le'Chumra).
(d)The definition of ...
1. ... Tum'ah Chamurah is - an Av ha'Tum'ah min ha'Torah (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).
2. ... Tum'ah Kalah is - a Tum'ah de'Rabanan.
4)
(a)R. Yossi is more stringent than the Tana Kama. What does he say about the Tana's distinction between Tum'ah Chamurah and Tum'ah Kalah?
(b)What does he say regarding ...
1. ...S'feiko Litamei (where one is not sure whether the food that he ate was Tamei or not [see Tos. Yom-Tov])?
2. ... S'feiko Letamei, where he definitely ate Tamei food, but he is not sure whether he touched a loaf of Terumah or not?
(c)Why is that?
(d)Like whom is the Halachah?
4)
(a)R. Yossi - makes no distinction between Tum'ah Chamurah and Tum'ah Kalah. He applies the principle of Uki Gavra a'Chezkei to all cases of Safek Tum'ah.
(b)He concedes however, that ...
1. ...S'feiko Litamei - where one is not sure whether the food that he ate was Tamei or not) is Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov), as is ...
2. ... S'feiko Letamei - where he definitely ate Tamei food, but he is not sure whether he touched a loaf of Terumah or not ...
(c)... because then there is no Chezkas Tum'ah.
(d)The Halachah - is like the Chachamim.
Mishnah 3
5)
(a)What quantity of Mayim She'uvin (drawn water) needs to be added to an incomplete Mikvah to render it Pasul?
(b)What do Chazal say about Safek Mayim She'uvin?
(c)This principle applies to a case where one is uncertain as to whether the water that made up the forty Sa'ah was drawn or not. What about a case where ...
1. ... three Sa'ah of drawn water falls into a Mikvah (see Tos. Yom-Tov) but one is not sure whether the Mikvah already contained forty Sa'ah or whether the three Sa'ah made up the forty Sa'ah?
2. ... someone Toveled in one of two Mikva'os, one of which is Pasul on account of Mayim She'uvin and one of which is not?
5)
(a)Three Lugin (eighteen egg-volumes) of Mayim She'uvin - needs to be added to an incomplete Mikvah to render it Pasul.
(b)Chazal declare Safek Mayim She'uvin - Tahor (as we learned in Taharos).
(c)This principle applies to a case where one is uncertain as to whether the water that made up the forty Sa'ah was drawn or not - as it does to a case where ...
1. ... three Sa'ah of drawn water falls into a Mikvah (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and one is not sure whether the Mikvah already contained forty Sa'ah or whether the three Sa'ah made up the forty Sa'ah, and to one where ...
2. ... someone Toveled in one of two Mikva'os, one of which is Pasul on account of Mayim She'uvin and one of which is not.
6)
(a)What is the basis of the above lenient rulings?
(b)What do Chazal learn from the Pasuk in Shemini "Ach Ma'ayan u'Bor Mikveh Mayim ... "?
(c)To resolve this contradiction - we establish the latter D'rashah as an Asmachta (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'she'Yesh Lo').
6)
(a)The basis for the above rulings is - the fact that Mayim She'uvin is mi'de'Rabbanan (even if it comprises the entire Mikvah).
(b)Chazal learn from the Pasuk in Shemini "Ach Ma'ayan u'Bor Mikveh Mayim ... " that - a Mikvah is Kasher only if it is formed naturally, but not if it man-made (Mayim She'uvin),.
(c)To resolve this contradiction - we establish the latter D'rashah as an Asmachta (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'she'Yesh Lo').
7)
(a)What does the Mishnah now say in a case where three Lugin of Mayim She'uvin fell into one of two Mikva'os, neither of which initially contained forty Sa'ah, and one doesn't know into which one it fell?
(b)Why is that?
7)
(a)The Mishnah now rules that if three Lugin of Mayim She'uvin fell into one of two Mikva'os, neither of which initially contained forty Sa'ah, and one doesn't know into which one it fell - they are both Pasul (and someone who Tovels in one of them remains Tamei ...
(b)... because he has nothing to rely on (seeing as either way, his Tevilah is Pasul).
Mishnah 4
8)
(a)What distinction does R. Eliezer draw between Mayim She'uvin that precedes the Kasher water and vice-versa?
(b)What do the Chachamim say?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
8)
(a)R. Eliezer draws a distinction between Mayim She'uvin that precedes the Kasher water - which requires only a Revi'is (ha'Log) to render it Pasul (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and vice-versa - which requires three Lugin.
(b)According to the Chachamim - either way, only three Lugin will invalidate the Mikvah.
(c)The Halachah - is like the Chachamim.
Mishnah 5
9)
(a)What does the Tana Kama say in a case where forty Sa'ah of natural water falls into a Mikvah which already contains three Lugin of drawn water, one Log in each of three holes?
(b)What if it is known (see Tos. Yom-Tov) that the forty Sa'ah fell into the Mikvah before the Log was poured into the third hole?
(c)What does R. Shimon say?
(d)Why is that?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
9)
(a)The Tana Kama rules that if forty Sa'ah of natural water falls into a Mikvah which already contains three Lugin of drawn water, one Log in each of three holes - the Mikvah is Pasul.
(b)He validates the Mikvah however - if it is known (see Tos. Yom-Tov) that the forty Sa'ah fell into the Mikvah before the Log was poured into the third hole.
(c)R. Shimon - validates the Mikvah in any case ...
(d)... because, in his opinion - the water in the holes is akin to drawn water in a separate Mikvah, which does not invalidate the Mikvah that is next to it.
(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 6
10)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is moving the mud in a Mikvah measuring forty Sa'ah to the side. On what condition does the Tana Kama declare the Mikvah Kasher?
(b)R. Shimon declares it Tamei in any case. What is his reason?
(c)Like whom is the Halachah?
10)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is moving the mud in a Mikvah measuring forty Sa'ah to the side. The Tana Kama declares the Mikvah Kasher - provided he does not actually first detach the mud from the ground, but Pasul if he does.
(b)R. Shimon disagrees with the Tana Kama's ruling on the grounds - that since he only intends to move the mud to the side (and not to remove it), it does not have the status of Mayim She'uvin, even in the latter case.
(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.
Mishnah 7
11)
(a)What is the Din regarding rain-water that falls into jars that one placed on the roof to dry?
(b)How do we learn this from the Pasuk in Shemini "Ach Ma'ayan u'Bor"?
(c)Why would the water be considered Mayim She'uvin if the jars were placed there in order to collect the water?
11)
(a)Rain-water that falls into jars that one placed on the roof to dry - is eligible for Mei Mikvah.
(b)We learn this from the Pasuk in Shemini - "Ach Ma'ayan u'Bor", comparing water in a pit to water of a spring (which is Kasher as long as man did not have a hand in its being there).
(c)The water would be considered Mayim She'uvin if the jars had been placed there in order to collect the water - because since he wants the water to fall into the jars, it is considered as if he had poured it in himself.
12)
(a)In the latter case, what does R. Eliezer suggest that one does for the water to become Kasher?
(b)On what condition will this be possible?
(c)Based on which principle does the Mikvah then become Kasher? (see Chidushei ha'G'ra and Mishnah Achronah).
12)
(a)In the latter case, - R. Eliezer suggests that one breaks the jars, to allow the water to fall into the Mikvah below ...
(b)... assuming it is the rain season and there is already some water in the lower Mikvah.
(c)The Mikvah is then Kasher - due to the principle of Hamshachah (where the Mayim She'uvin enters the Mikvah by first flowing three Tefachim along the ground [see Chidushei ha'G'ra and Mishnah Achronah]).
13)
(a)Why can one not do this ...
1. ... outside the rain season?
2. ... if the Mikvah does not yet contain some rain-water, even during the rain season)? (See Tos. Yom-Tov.
(b)What alternative does R. Yehoshua offer, besides breaking the jars, for the Mikvah to become Kasher?
(c)In which other two points is he more lenient than R. Eliezer?
(d)Why does he ...
1. ... not require rain-water to precede the water from the jars?
2. ... permit the above even in the dry season?
13)
(a)One cannot do this ...
1. ... outside the rain season - because then there will be no rain-water in the pit at all, and it is not permitted to make a Mikvah entirely (or even mostly) by means of Hamshachah.
2. ... if the Mikvah does not yet contain some rain-water (even during the rain season) - in case, as one begins to break the barrel, some of the water spills into the pit (see Tos. Yom-Tov [and we have already learned, R. Eliezer invalidates the Mikvah if as little as a Revi'is of Mayim She'uvin precedes the rain-water]).
(b)R. Yehoshua offers the alternative, besides breaking the jars - of tilting them so that the water pours out.
(c)He also disagrees with R. Eliezer - in that he permits breaking the jars a. even if there is no water in the pit yet, and b. even in the dry season.
(d)The reason that he...
1. ... does not require rain-water to precede the water from the jars is due his earlier ruling, that requires three Lugin of Mayim She'uvin (and not a Revi'is) to precede the rain-water, to render the Mikvah Pasul (and we are not afraid that three Lugin will fall into the pit before he breaks the jars).
2. ... permits the above even in the dry season is - because in his opinion, a Mikvah consisting entirely via Hamshachah is Kasher.
14)
(a)What does R. Yehoshua say about picking up the jars and pouring them directly into the Mikvah?
(b)Why is that?
(C) Like whom is the Halachah? (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
14)
(a)R. Yehoshua agrees however, that - picking up the jars and pouring them directly into the Mikvah is forbidden.
(b)Because picking up the jars renders the water inside them Mayim She'uvim.
(c)The Halachah - is like R. Yehoshua (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
Mishnah 8
15)
(a)The Mishnah now discusses a Sayad. What is a Sayad?
(b)What does R. Eliezer say about a pot of water that a Sayad (see Tiferes Yisrael) forgot in a pit that holds forty Sa'ah, and that already contains some rain-water (see Tos. Yom-Tov)?
(c)On what condition does he permit this?
(d)What is the reason behind his ruling?
15)
(a)A Sayad is - a lime-plasterer.
(b)If a Sayad (see Tiferes Yisrael) forgot a pot in a pit that holds forty Sa'ah, and that already contains some rain-water (see Tos. Yom-Tov), R. Eliezer permits him to break it - provided the water in the pit is floating above the pot (the pot is completely submerged) ...
(c)... because then, the water in the pot does not become She'uvin ...
(d)... since it is constantly connected to the water in the pit.
16)
(a)Why must the current Mishnah be speaking outside the rain season?
(b)What does R. Yehoshua say? see Tos. Yom-Tov.
16)
(a)The Mishnah must be speaking outside the rain season - because otherwise, since there is already water in the pit, and the majority of the water will eventually be rain-water, he would be permitted to break the pot anyway (as we explained earlier).
(b)R. Yehoshua permits breaking the pot in any case, since he is able to make Hamshachah (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
Mishnah 9
17)
(a)What does the Tana say about a case where someone arranges jars in a pit (see Tiferes Yisrael) which have filled with water, and the water in the actual pit drains, leaving only the water in the jars?
(b)With whom does this ruling concur?
17)
(a)In a case where someone arranges jars in a pit (see Tiferes Yisrael) which have filled with water, and the water in the actual pit drains, leaving only the water in the jars - the Mishnah permits breaking the jars ...
(b)... like R. Yehoshua in the previous Mishnahs.
Mishnah 10
18)
(a)What does the Mishnah say about a pit containing forty Sa'ah of water and mud?
(b)What restriction does R. Eliezer place upon ...
1. ... people who Tovel in the water?
2. ... small vessels that are Toveled in the water?
(c)Why is that?
(d)On what grounds does R. Yehoshua permit people to Tovel even in the mud
18)
(a)A pit containing forty Sa'ah of water and mud - is eligible for Tevilah.
(b)R. Eliezer rules however - that ...
1. ... people must Tovel in the water, and not in the mud (they must move the mud to the side).
2. ... small vessels - can be Toveled in the water.
(c)This is because R. Eliezer forbids Tevilah in mud.
(d)R. Yehoshua maintains that - people may even Tovel in the mud, since when one's feet reach the mud, a film of water forms between the feet and the mud.
19)
(a)On what condition does R. Yehoshua concede that Toveling in the mud is prohibited (see Tos. Yom-Tov)?
(b)Up until now, the Mishah has been discussing thin (liquid) mud. What is the definition of thin mud?
(c)What does R. Meir now say about thick mud as regards ...
1. ... Tevilah?
2. ... making up a Mikvah of forty Sa'ah (See Tiferes Yisrael)?
19)
(a)R. Yehoshua concedes that Toveling in the mud is prohibited - if all the mud is on one side - (see Tos. Yom-Tov).
(b)Up until now, the Mishnah has been discussing thin (liquid) mud - that is sufficiently liquid for the measuring stick to sink into it automatically.
(c)R. Meir now rules that thick mud ...
1. ... is Pasul for Tevilah ...
2. ... does not make combine with the water in the Mikvah to make up forty Sa'ah.
20)
(a)The Mishnah now cites five other opinions as to the definition of thin mud that is still eligible to form a Mikvah. R. Yehudah too, uses a measuring-stick as a gauge, and R. Elazar ben Dulai, a builder's weight. What does each one say?
(b)R. Eliezer gives the gauge as the narrow opening of a jar. What does he say?
20)
(a)The Mishnah now cites five additional opinions as to the definition of thin mud that is still eligible to form a Mikvah. R. Yehudah too, uses a measuring-stick as a gauge - if it cannot remain vertical when placed in the mud, and R. Elazar ben Dulai - if a builder's weight sinks in the mud (see also Tiferes Yisrael).
(b)R. Eliezer gives the gauge as the narrow opening of a jar - if the mud can seep through, then it is Kasher for a Mikvah.
21)
(a)According to R. Shimon, mud that will not stop up the opening of a jar (but that rather falls into it) is Kasher. What does the opening of a jar comprise? (see Mishnah Achronah).
(b)What is the standard width of the opening?
(c)The last opinion is that of R. Elazar bar Tzadok, who says ha'Nimdad be'Log?
(d)What is the significance of the order in which the Tana'im are cited?
(e)Like whom is the Halachah?
21)
(a)According to R. Shimon, mud that will not stop up the opening of a jar (but that rather falls into it) is Kasher. The opening of a jar comprises - a hollow cane which is used to pour liquid into the jar (see Mishnah Achronah).
(b)The standard width of the opening - is one that allows an average-size person to place his forefinger and middle finger in it and to swivel them round.
(c)The last opinion is that of R. Elazar bar Tzadok, who says ha'Nimdad be'Log by which he means that - it is normally measured by the Log (a liquid measure).
(d)The significance of the order in which the Tana'im are cited is - that it is progressively thicker (and therefore more lenient).
