1)

(a)The Mishnah discusses a woman who sees blood whilst urinating. R. Meir - declares her Tamei if she does so standing, but Tahor if she is sitting.

(b)R. Yossi declares her - Tahor either way.

(c)According to both Tana'im, the woman is Tahor - because we assume that the blood came (not from the M'kor, but) from the same source as the urine.

(d)The Halachah - is like R. Yossi.

2)

(a)R. Meir declares her Tahor if she urinated sitting - only if she was sitting on the edge of the bowl

(b)... because - since she was sitting, the urine flowed with force, and blood from the M'kor would not have emerged together with the urine (see Tiferes Yisrael), in which case it must be blood from the same source as the urine, which is Tahor.

(c)Neither are we afraid that the blood is Tamei blood that flowed from the M'kor after she finished urinating - because if it had, it would not have flowed into the bowl - since blood from the M'kor does not flow with force, but in a drizzle, in which case it would have landed outside the bowl.

(d)We cannot establish this ruling on the same condition, but when she was standing - because when a woman urinates standing, the urine does not flow with force, in which case it could well have brought the blood from the M'kor [see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Im Omedes' & 'Yosheves Tehorah']), which is Tamei.

3)

(a)R. Yossi declares Tahor, blood that is found in a bowl into which both a man and a woman urinated - Kal va'Chomer from the previous case, since we now have to contend with the additional possibility that the blood came from the man, turning it into a S'fek S'feika.

(b)The Tana finds it necessary to insert this case in the Mishnah - to teach us from the extra statement that R. Yossi considers the woman Tahor even Lechatchilah (to deal with Taharos [See Tos. Yom-Tov]), and not only Bedi'eved.

(c)R. Shimon - (who holds like R. Meir in the initial Machlokes) rules that the woman is Tamei ...

(d)... because he does not contend with the possibility that the blood may have come from the man, since it is not the way of a man to emit blood (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

4)

(a)The Mishnah rules that if a woman lends a vest to a Nochris or to a woman who is a Nidah - she is Tahor, because we ascribe the bloodstain to them.

(b)She can rely on the bloodstain of the Nochris - provided she is old enough to see blood (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)If the bas Yisrael to whom she lent the vest was not a Nidah - then both women would now be Tamei (as we will now see).

5)

(a)If a bloodstain is found on ...

1. ... a vest after three women have worn it one after the other or ...

2. ... on a bench on which three women have sat one after the other (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - all three women are Tamei.

(b)R. Nechemyah disagrees in a case where the bench is made of stone or if the bloodstain is found on Itztaba shel Merchatz - (a fixed bench in a bathhouse [Mishnah Achronah]).

(c)He declares the women Tahor ...

(d)... and he learns it from the Pasuk in Yeshayah "ve'Niksah la'Aretz Teishev" - which indicates that a woman who is sitting on the ground (and who sees a bloodstain there) is Tahor, because the ground is not subject to Tum'ah.

6)

(a)We reconcile R. Nechemyah with the ruling in the Reisha (regarding the bench) - by establishing it by a wooden bench ...

(b)... which is not subject to Tum'as Maga and Masa, seeing as it is not a receptacle, but - is nevertheless subject to Tum'as Mishkav and Moshav of a Zav and a Nidah.

(c)R. Nechemyah - declares Tahor a bloodstain that is found on an earthenware vessel, which is not subject to Tum'ah from the outside.

(d)And the same will apply to a piece of clothing - which measures less than three by three finger-breadths.

(e)The Halachah - is like R. Nechemyah.

7)

(a)The Mishnah declares Tamei all three women who are sleeping in the same bed, in the event that they find blood underneath one of them - because the Tana is speaking where they are sleeping close together, so that their bodies tend to intertwine (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)If one of them examines herself (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and discovers that she is Tamei - then she is Tamei and the other two are Tahor (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)And when the Tana says ...

1. ... 've'Tolos Zu ba'Zu', he means that - if one of them is pregnant, feeding, old or a virgin who has not yet seen blood, then we assume that the blood came from one of the other women (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

2. ... 've'Im Lo Hayu Re'uyos Lir'os, Ro'in osan Ke'ilu hein Re'uyos', he means that - if all three women belonged to one of the four above categories, they are all Tamei.

8)

(a)Still with regard to three women who are sleeping in the same bed, the Tana rules in a case where they find blood underneath ...

1. ... the middle one that - all three women are Tamei.

2. ... the innermost one (who is closest to the wall) that - she and the middle one are Tamei, but not the outermost one.

3. ... the outermost one that - she and the middle one are Tamei, but not the innermost one.

(b)R. Yehudah qualifies the latter ruling - by confining it to where the women tended to climb on to the bed via the foot of the bed. Because if they climb onto the bed from the outside of the bed, then - even the innermost woman is Tamei ...

(c)... because then she too, will pass over the spot where the blood is discovered, rendering it possible for the blood to have come from her.

9)

(a)The Tana issues a different ruling here to the first ruling in the previous Mishnah - because, as we explained there, he is speaking where the women were sleeping close together, whereas here he is speaking where they are far apart.

(b)The Mishnah rules in the event that, after examination ...

1. ... one of the women discover that she is Tahor - she is Tahor and the other two, Tamei.

2. ... two of the women discover that they are Tahor - they are Tahor, and the third woman, Tamei.

3. ... all three women discover that they are Tahor - then they are all Tamei.

10)

(a)The Mishnah goes on to compare the previous set of rulings to three piles of stones underneath one of which there is known to be a k'Zayis Meis. R. Meir rules that if, after examination, they discover that ...

1. ... one of the piles is Tahor - the remaining two are Tamei.

2. ... two of the piles are Tahor - the third one is Tamei.

3. ... all three piles are Tahor - then they are all Tamei.

(b)The Chachamim rule ...

1. ... in this case - that one need only examine up to the nearest rock or virgin soil, at which point, one considers all three piles Tahor.

2. ... in the equivalent case where, after examination, all three women discover that they are Tahor - that they are all Tamei (like R. Meir) ...

(c)... because - whereas in the former case, we assume that a bird removed the k'Zayis Meis, in the latter case, the blood that they found must have come from one of the women.

(d)R. Meir, on the other hand, holds that - a Chezkas Tum'ah does not go away until one knows where it has gone.

(e)The Halachah - is like the Chachamim.

11)

(a)To determine whether a stain is a bloodstain or not, one needs to wash a stained garment - with seven detergents (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Shiv'ah' & 'Ma'avirin ... ').

(b)The first two detergents are Rok Tafeil and Mei Gerisin (both of which will be explained later). The third is - urine.

(c)The last four are Neser, Boris, Kemunya and Ashlag (an undefined species of plant). 'Neser' is nitre (washing soda) ...

1. ... Boris - a species of plant (known as livinium) which cleanses.

2. ... Kemunya - a species of herb that is dried and ground, and used for washing the hands.

12)

(a)The Tana rules in a case where the stain ...

1. ... is Toveled before being washed (see Mishnah Rishonah), but it remains in the garment, which one then uses for working with Taharos, or if it ...

2. ... is washed with the seven detergents, but the stain remains, and one then uses the garment for working with Taharos that - the Taharos remain Tahor ...

(b)... because the stain has been proven to be a dye.

(c)If, on the other hand, after Tevilah or after washing with the seven detergents, the stain ...

1. ... is removed or ...

2. ... becomes more faint - it is a bloodstain and the Taharos are Tamei (see Tiferes Yisrael).

13)

(a)The definition of ...

1. ... Rok Tafeil is - the spit of someone who did not eat anything the entire night before (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and who slept from midnight until the morning (see Tos. Yom-Tov). Three hours later it attains the status of Rok Tafeil.

2. ... Mei Gerisin is - a cooked bean whose peel has been removed and which is rubbed on the stain after having been chewed.

(b)Spit in the above case, only where the person arose early and learned - is not considered Rok Tafeil.

(c)Rok Tafeil means - spit that has no taste.

14)

(a)For the urine to be effective - it must be putrid (which is equivalent to three days old).

(b)One must rub each detergent - three times (see Tos. Yom-Tov) for the test to be effective.

(c)If one ...

1. ... changes the order of the detergents from the order in which the Tana lists them, or if one ...

2. ... washes the stained garment using all seven detergents simultaneously (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - the test is ineffective

15)

(a)The Mishnah rules that any woman who has a Veses - and who sees blood at the time of the Veses, need consider herself Tamei only from the time of the Veses, and not from before (as we learned in the first Perek).

(b)Despite having learned this in the first Perek, the Tana see fit to repeat it here - because whereas in the first Perek, he was referring to a Veses of days, here he is referring to a Veses that is determined by functions of the woman's body.

(c)The first two examples presented by the Mishnah are Mefahekes, which means either to yawn - or to stretch (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and ...

(d)... which means - either to birp or to emit a smell (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

16)

(a)Chosheshes b'Fi Kereisah means a pain in the area of the navel; Chosheshes b'Fi Mei'ehah - a pain in the area of the womb.

(b)Shofa'as translates as a flow of blood - when a flow of Tamei blood follows one of Tahor blood.

(c)The last item on the list is - Tzemarmores (a fit of shuddering [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(d)To be considered a Veses - all of these must occur three times (consecutively).

17)

(a)The Mishnah draws a distinction between a woman who is used to seeing at the beginning of the Veses - who, when she sees, renders Tamei retroactively all the Taharos that she dealt with from the beginning of the Veses, and one who is used to seeing at the end - who does not (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)R. Yossi adds that days and hours also constitute Vestos, in which case, if a woman say, was used to seeing every twenty days and six hours - she remains permitted to her husband when twenty days have passed since the previous sighting, until the sixth hour arrives (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)If the sixth hour passes without a sighting - she is permitted to her husband.

(d)And if her Veses always occurs at Hanetz ha'Chamah (sunrise) - then she is forbidden to her husband when Hanetz ha'Chamah arrives, but becomes permitted again in the event that it passes without a sighting.

18)

(a)With regard to the previous ruling, R. Yehudah says that the entire day belongs to her (see Tos. Yom-Tov). The definition of 'Hanetz ha'Chamah' (here), according to him is - the end of night, and ...

(b)... what he then means to say is - that she is permitted from the crack of dawn for the entire day ...

(c)... but forbidden the entire night.

(d)The principle that emerges from R. Yehudah's ruling is - that a woman is forbidden to her husband for the duration of the entire Onah on which the Veses occurs (but is permitted immediately afterwards, should she not have a sighting).

(e)The Halachah - is like Rebbi Yehudah.

19)

(a)The Mishnah rules that a woman whose Veses occurs every fifteenth of the month, and who once sees on the twentieth - is obligated to take days into considerations the following month, and the same will apply ...

(b)... if this happens ...

1. ... on two consecutive months; but if it happens ...

2. ... on three consecutive months - then her Veses has changed to the twentieth (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)A woman must see blood - three times on the same day of the month in order to fix a Veses (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)A woman loses her Veses - if she fails to see blood on that date for three consecutive months.

20)

(a)The Mishnah compares a woman, with regard to the blood of her virginity - to a vine (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)This statement has two ramifications, one with regard to the color of the wine - which is sometimes red, and sometimes black.

(c)The other ramification is that - some vines produce a lot of wine, others, a little.

21)

(a)And when R. Yehudah says that every vine has wine, he means that - every woman has Dam Nidus and Dam Besulim.

(b)He refers to the exception who doesn't, as Dorteki, which means that - she is barren, and will have no children.

(c)It is the acronym of - Dor Katu'a (a cut-off generation).