1)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, a woman does not observe the seven or fourteen days of Tum'as Leidah for a Yotzei Dofen - a baby that is not born by a natural birth, but whose body is opened by a sort of salve [otherwise known as a caesarian birth]).

(b)Neither does she have any days of Taharah ...

(c)... nor does she need to bring a Korban.

(d)He learns this from the Pasuk in Tazri'a "Ishah ki Sazri'a ve'Yaldah Zachar" (implying that she must give birth via the same location in the body where the Zera enters for all the Dinim in the Parshah to be effective.

2)

(a)R. Shimon learns from "ve'Im Nekeivah Seiled (see Tos. Yom-Tov" [Ibid.]) that - all the Dinim in the Parshah extend to a Yotzei Dofen.

(b)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

3)

(a)The Tana learns from the word ...

1. ... "bi'Vesarah" (in the Pasuk in Metzora "Dam Yih'yeh Zovah bi'Vesarah") that - a woman becomes a Nidah (or a Zavah [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) even though the blood has not emerged from the outer section of her womb (as we learned at the beginning of the Masechta).

2. ... "Ish ki Yih'yeh Zav mi'Besaro" (Ibid) that - a man becomes a Zav only once the Zera has actually left his body.

(b)And from the Pasuk in Acharei-Mos "Asher Teitzei mimenu Shichvas-Zera" he learns that - the same applies to a Ba'al-Keri.

(c)The outer section of the womb - is considered as far as the man's Eiver reaches during Tashmish (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

4)

(a)If, whilst a Kohen is eating Terumah, he feels his limbs quaking (a sign that Keri is about to emerge) - he should hold his Eiver tightly (to prevent the Zera from emerging) until he has swallowed the Terumah that is in his mouth.

(b)It is forbidden to do that under normal circumstances - because holding one's Eiver brings on an emission ...

(c)... and, as Chazal say - if a person does so, it is as if he has brought a flood on the entire world (since that was the sin of the generation of the Flood [Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(d)Nevertheless, they permitted it here - because once the Zera has begun to move, nothing will stop it from emerging, and holding one's Amah, at that stage, will not affect the impending emission.

5)

(a)There is no minimum Shi'ur Zera that needs to emerge for a man to be ...

1. ... a Ba'al Keri or ...

2. ... a Zav - even a drop that is less than a mustard-seed will achieve it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)Whereas the minimum Shi'ur Zera that is Metamei the person who touches it is - that of a lentil.

6)

(a)A girl becomes subject to Tum'as ...

1. ... Nidus - from the day that she is born.

2. ... Zivus - from ten days after she is born (seven days of Nidus and three subsequent sightings [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)We learn from the Pasuk in ...

1. ... Metzora "Ish Ish ki Yih'yeh Zav" that - a boy is subject to Zivus from the day that he is born.

2. ... Tazri'a (in connection with Tum'as Tzara'as) "Adam ki Yih'yeh be'Or Besaro Se'eis ... " - that he is also subject to Tzara'as from then on (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

3. ... Chukas (in connection with Tum'as Meis) "ve'al ha'Nefashos asher Hayu Sham" that - he is also subject to Tum'as Meis from then on.

7)

(a)The Tana adds to the list Zokek le'Yibum u'Poter min ha'Yibum. He learns from the Pasuk in ki-Seitzei (in connection with the Mitzvah of Yibum) "ki Yeishvu Achim Yachdav" that - as long as the Yavam is born before his brother dies, he forbids the latter's wife to marry without Yibum or Chalitzah.

(b)u'Poter min ha'Yibum means that - he exempts his mother from Yibum, even if he is born after his father died and dies the same day (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)If the Yevamah is pregnant when her husband dies - she is forbidden to marry (though she is not yet permitted to perform Yibum or Chalitzah, either [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

8)

(a)The Tana's source for the ruling that a bas Yisrael married to a Kohen, who gives birth to a baby and whose husband dies the following day is permitted to eat Terumah is - the Pasuk in Emor "vi'Yelid Beiso Heim Yochlu be'be'Lachmo", which we read as 'Heimah Ya'achilu be'Lachmo'.

(b)The Tana also rules that a one-day-old baby invalidates from eating Terumah - where a Kohen has two wives, one of whom is a divorcee (whom he married illegally). Both women own Avadim, and the divorcee, has given birth to a baby son (who is a Chalal).

(c)The Avadim would normally be permitted to eat Terumah - on account of their respective mistresses.

(d)They may no longer do so however - since at least one of the Avadim will belong to the Chalal (who may not eat Terumah and who does not feed his Avadim Terumah either). And seeing as we hold Ein Bereirah, it will never become clarified as to which Eved does not belong to the Chalal.

9)

(a)If the divorcee was still pregnant when the Kohen died - they would all be permitted to eat Terumah (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'u'Posel min ha'Terumah') ...

(b)... because a fetus does not inherit.

10)

(a)The Mishnah adds to the list Nochel u'Manchil (one case). He inherits his mother (should she die any time after his birth), and passes on the inheritance - to his paternal brothers (when he dies).

(b)If his mother dies before he is born - his paternal brothers do not inherit ..

(c)... because he died before his mother (see Tos-Yom-Tov) and we have a principle that a son does not inherit his mother in the grave to bequeath to his paternal brothers.

11)

(a)The Tana learns from the Pasuk in Emor "ve'Ish ki Yakeh Kol Nefesh" that - one is Chayav for killing even a one-day-old baby.

(b)And finally, when the Tana concludes that he is to his father, mother and relatives like a complete Chasan (see Tos. Yom-Tov) he means that - they are obligated to mourn for him should he die even on the day that he is born ...

(c)... even before thirty days have passed - provided they know for sure that he is a ninth month baby - and not an eighth-month one.

12)

(a)A girl become eligible to be ...

1. ... betrothed through Bi'ah and to be ...

2. ... acquired by her Yavam - at the age of three (Halachah le'Moshe mi'Sinai [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)When the Tana says that one is Chayav on her because of Eishes Ish, he means that - if her father accepts Kidushin from Reuven on her behalf (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and Shimon has relations with her, he is Chayav Misah.

(c)And it is also from the age of three that - she renders Tamei a man who is intimate with her when she is a Nidah ...

(d)... to render the sheets on which he subsequently lies Tamei to be Metamei food and drink, but not Adam and Keilim (like the top cover of a Zav).

13)

(a)The Mishnah rules that a three-year-old girl who ...

1. ... marries a Kohen - may eat Terumah.

2. ... has relations with any of the Pesulim, in the event that she is a Kohenes - is Pasul from the Kehunah (she may no longer eat Terumah).

(b)If one of the Arayos (see Tos. Yom-Tov) has relations with her ...

1. ... he is Chayav Misah (or Malkos), but ...

2. ... she is not (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)In the event that the girl is less than three in any of the above cases, the Tana describes it - as if he had placed a finger in her eye (although the Bi'ah removes her Besulim, they subsequently return [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

14)

(a)A boy is able to acquire his Yevamah (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - from the age of nine.

(b)He is only able to give her a Get however - from the age of thirteen ...

(c)... because whereas his brother's Kinyan was complete, his is not.

(d)If he wants to divorce her without having had relations with her from the time he becomes a Gadol - he will have to give her a Get and perform Chalitzah with her.

(e)In the event that he performs Yibum with his deceased brother's wife, he acquires his property (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Kan'ah), despite the fact that a Katan cannot normally acquire - because 'from Heaven, they placed it in his possession'.

15)

(a)A boy becomes Tamei by having relations with a Nidah to render his sheets Tamei like the top blanket of a Zav - from the age of nine.

(b)When the Tana says ...

1. ... Posel, he means that - a Nochri, Eved or Chalal (see Tos. Yom-Tov) who have relations with a Kohenes, invalidates her from eating Terumah (in her father's house).

2. ... Eino Ma'achil bi'Terumah, he means that - if he is a Kohen who married a Yisre'elis, he does not feed her Terumah, even if he acquired her through Yibum.

(c)On the one hand, the Mishnah rules that a nine-year old boy invalidates an animal from being brought as a Korban (implying that the animal lives [see Tos. Yom-Tov]); on the other, he sentences it to stoning. To reconcile the two rulings - we establish the former when there is only one witness, and the latter, when there are two.

(d)If he has relations with one of the Arayos - she is Chayav Misah (or Kareis/Malkos), whilst he is Patur.

16)

(a)The Nedarim of a twelve-year old girl are valid - provided two pubic hairs have grown.

(b)Those of an eleven-year old - are valid too, but only if, after examining her, we discover that she knows in whose Name she is making the Neder (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Tana adds that one examines her throughout the twelfth year (see Tos. Yom-Tov). Otherwise, we might have thought that - once she fails the test at the beginning of the year, she is considered a Ketanah for the rest of the year.

17)

(a)The equivalent ages of a boy - are twelve and thirteen.

(b)If a girl or a boy who ...

1. ... is younger than eleven or twelve (respectively) claims to know in whose Name he or she is making the Neder - he/she is still considered a Katan.

2. ... has become a Gadol but does not know in whose Name he or she is making the Neder - he/she is nevertheless considered a Gadol (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The other area of Halachah, besides Nedarim, that is affected by these distinctions is - that of Hekdesh.

18)

(a)The Mishnah lists the three stages of a girl's development as Pagah, Bochel and Tzemel, which mean respectively - when the fruit buds, when it takes shape (with regard to Chiyuv Ma'asros) and when it is fully ripe (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The equivalent stages in a girl are - when she is small and no signs of puberty have as yet appeared, when she becomes a Na'arah (when her breasts begin to develop) and when she becomes a Bogeres (when they have developed).

(c)Tzemel is the acronym of - Yatz'sah Melei'ah.

19)

(a)Pagah and Bochel in a girl have in common - the fact that her father owns whatever she finds and whatever she produces, and that he is permitted to annul her Nedarim (it is not clear why the Tana omits her father's rights to betroth her).

(b)The source for this is - the Pasuk in Matos "bi'Ne'urehah Beis Avihah" (from which Chazal derive that as long as she is still a Na'arah, she is under her father's jurisdiction [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(c)The significance of Tzemel is that - the father no longer has jurisdiction over her.

20)

(a)Four Tana'im argue over the girl's Simanim. They are arguing about - the final stage, Tzemel. According to R. Yossi ha'Gelili it is when a fold appears under the breasts.

(b)R. Akiva says that the father loses rights - only when the breasts have grown slightly larger and have covered part of the fold.

(c)According to ben-Azai, she is considered a Bogeres from the time that the Pitomes - the dark area surrounding the nipple turns black.

(d)Whereas R. Yossi gives the Shi'ur as - from when the nipple, if pressed in, does not return immediately to its previous position.

21)

(a)We rule like all four opinions le'Chumra. The ramifications of this fact regarding the area of Kidushin being (assuming that ...

1. ... the girl accepted her own Kidushin) are that - if any of the above Simanim appear, she is Safek Mekudeshes and requires a Get (because maybe she is a Bogeres), and the same applies if ...

2. ... her father accepted Kidushin on her behalf (because maybe she is not [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

22)

(a)A twenty-year old woman who has not grown two pubic hairs is considered a Ketanah - up to the age of thirty-five (half of her life-expectancy).

(b)If they have still not grown and she turns thirty-five - she becomes an Aylonis (who cannot have children).

(c)Besides proof of her age, she becomes an Aylonis already at the age of twenty (see Tos. Yom-Tov) - if she has the signs of an Aylonis (see Tiferes Yisrael 54).

(d)The ramifications of this ruling regarding the Mitzvah of Yibum (based on the Pasuk in Ki-Seitzei "ve'Hayah ha'Bechor asher Teiled") are that - she is then Patur from both Yibum and Chalitzah.

23)

(a)The male equivalent of Aylonis is - a Saris.

(b)A man becomes a Saris according to the Tana Kama (Beis Hillel) - at the same times and under the same conditions (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael 54), as a woman becomes an Aylonis.

(c)The Halachic ramifications of a Saris are that - since he is unable to perform Yibum, he is Patur from Chalitzah too.

(d)The source for this ruling is - the Pasuk in ki-Seitzei (in connection with Chalitzah) "Lehakim le'Achiv Shem be'Yisrael" (whicha Saris is unable to achieve.

24)

(a)According to Beis Shamai - the minimum age of both an Aylonis and a Saris is eighteen.

(b)R. Eliezer makes a compromise between Beis Hillel and Beis Shamai. According to him - the minimum age of a Saris is twenty (like Beis Hillel [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) and that of an Aylonis, eighteen (like Beis Shamai).

(c)His reason is - because a woman develops quicker than a man (in this regard too).

(d)The Halachah is - like Beis Hillel.