1)

(a)The Mishnah is now about to list four 'Mechusrei Kaparah' - four Teme'im who Toveled on the seventh day, but who are still required to bring a Korban on the eighth ...

(b)... and four cases of people who have to bring a Chatas for a Meizid no less than for a Shogeg (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'Arba'ah Mechusrei Kaparah' & 'Arba'ah Mevi'in ... ').

(c)The four cases of Mechusrei Kaparah are a Zav and a Zavah - a Yoledes and a Metzora.

2)

(a)The Tana does not also count a Metzora and a Metzora'as as two cases - because, unlike a Zav and a Zavah, there is no difference between their Shi'ur Tum'ah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The difference between the Shi'ur Tum'ah of a Zav and that of a Zavah is - that whereas the three sightings of the former turn him into a Zav even if they occur on the same day, those of the latter must occur on three consecutive days.

(c)The Shi'ur of Tzora'as for both a man and a woman is - a 'ke'Gris' (a species of bean).

3)

(a)Rebbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov includes a Ger in the list of Mechusrei Kaparah. The ramifications of ...

1. ... this ruling are that - a Ger is not permitted to eat Kodshim (or to enter the Azarah) until the blood of his animal-Korban has been sprinkled or the blood of his bird-Korban squeezed on the Mizbe'ach (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'ad she'Yizarek ... ') .

2. ... his insertion of a Nazir are that - he is not permitted to drink wine, to shave or to render himself Tamei for a Meis until the blood of his Korban has been sprinkled.

(b)The Tana Kama, on the other hand, declines to insert in his list...

1. ... a Ger - since, in his opinion, his Korban only holds him back from marrying into the Kahal, but not from eating Kodshim, which he is permitted to do once he has performed the B'ris Milah and Toveled (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

2. ... a Nazir - for very much the same reason, since he is permitted to eat Kodshim anyway, and the Korban only comes to permit the three things that we just mentioned (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

4)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the four cases of someone who brings a Korban Chatas/Asham on a Meizid, just like a Shogeg. A Shifchah Charufah is - a Shifchah Cana'anis who is half a Shifchah and half free (who will be discussed later in the Perek).

(b)The Tana learns from...

1. ... the Pasuk in Kedoshim (in connection with a man who has relations with a Shifchah Charufah) "ve'Nislach lo me'Chayaso asher Chata" (after having already written "ve'Chiper alav ha'Kohen be'Eil Asham ... ") that - he must bring an Asham even if he sinned be'Meizid (See Bartenura & Tosfos Yom Tov).

2. ... the word "Pis'om" (in the Pasuk in Naso, in connection with a Nazir "ve'chi Yamus Meis alav be'Fesa Pis'om") that - the same applies to a Nazir who became Tamei (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and who is now obligated to bring Korbanos ...

(c)... two pigeons or young doves (as a Chatas and an Oleh) and a lamb (as an Asham).

(d)The third case on the list is that of - Shevu'as ha'Eidus (a witness who swears that he does not know), who brings a Korban Oleh ve'Yoreid ...

(e)... even if he sinned be'Meizid - since the Torah does not write by him "ve'Ne'elam", as it does by the other cases of Oleh ve'Yored.

5)

(a)The fourth case in the current list is that of 'Shevu'as ha'Pikadon' - Reuven who swears falsely that he does not have the money that Shimon is claiming from him ...

(b)... who is Chayav to bring - an Asham Gezeilos.

(c)We learn that he brings a Korban even be'Meizid via the Gezeirah-Shavah "Sechta" "Sechta" - from Shevu'as ha'Eidus (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

6)

(a)The Mishnah now lists five people who bring one Korban for transgressing many sins - and five cases of Korban Oleh ve'Yored.

(b)The Tana learns from the words "asher Chata" (in the Pasuk in Kedoshim, in connection with a Shifchah Charufah, "ve'Chiper alav ha'Kohen be'Eil ha'Asham lifnei Hash-m al Chataso asher Chata") that - even if a man performs five Bi'os with a Shifchah Charufah (See Tosfos Yom Tov), he brings only one Korban.

(c)He will be Chayav one Asham for each Bi'ah however - if he performs five Bi'os with five Shifchah Charufos.

7)

(a)The second case is a Nazir who renders himself Tamei Meis many times. It is not necessary to tell us this if it occurred during the seven days that he is Tamei - because it is one long period of Tum'ah.

(b)The Tana must therefore be referring - to the seventh day (the day that he shaves).

(c)Based on the Pasuk in Naso "ve'Kadash es Rosho ba'Yom ha'Hu", we would have otherwise have thought that he is Chayav one Korban for each time he renders himself Tamei - since we see that Nezirus Taharah has already taken effect ...

(d)... and the reason that he is in fact, Chayav only one Korban is - because as far as the Din of Korban is concerned, it is still considered the period of Tam'ah until the eighth day, when he is able to bring his Korban [See also Tosfos Yom Tov]).

8)

(a)Based on the Pasuk in Naso "Zos Toras ha'Kena'os", the third case in the Mishnah's list is that - of a Sotah, where a man warns his wife not to seclude herself with a number of men, and where, ignoring his warning, she secludes herself with each of them.

(b)We learn it from the fact - that the Pasuk implies one law (Korban) for many warnings.

(c)The final case in the Mishnah is a Metzora who is plagued a number of times - each time after being healed from his current Tzara'as.

(d)We learn it from the Pasuk in Metzora "Zos Tih'yeh Toras ha'Metzora" - because, like the previous Pasuk, it implies one law for many plagues (even though "ha'Metzora" is written in the singular) See Tosfos Yom Tov.

9)

(a)When the Tana Kama adds that 'If he brought his birds (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and became a Metzora, the birds do not count until he brings his Chatas', he means that - his status when he brings the birds does not determine whether he has the Din of a Metzora Ani or Ashir.

(b)The dual ramifications of this ruling are that - if he was poor when he brought the two birds and then became rich before bringing his Korban, he has the Din of a Metzora Ashir, and vice-versa.

(c)He explains the word "be'Taharaso" (in the Pasuk "asher Lo Sasig Yado be'Taharaso") - with regard to the Chatas, which brings about his atonement and which determines whether he has the Din of a Metzora Ani or Ashir.

(d)Rebbi Yehudah interprets "be'Taharaso" with regard to the Metzora's Asham - because he explains "be'Taharaso" with regard to the blood of the Asham, which enables him to eat Kodshim.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

10)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses the case of a woman who needs to bring only one Korban after giving birth to three V'lados. The case is - where after giving birth to a girl, she Tovels after fourteen days, is intimate with her husband and miscarries forty days after the Tevilah. She Tovels after fourteen days, is intimate with her husband again and miscarries again forty days after the second Tevilah ... .

(b)The V'lados cannot be boys - because had she miscarried within the forty days of the birth (the Y'mei M'los of a male) it would not be considered a V'lad (just water), seeing as it takes forty days for a baby to form (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)According to the Tana Kama, the same ruling will apply to a woman who miscarries triplets, even if they are all boys. The case is - where a woman who is pregnant with triplets miscarries the first V'lad after forty days, the second within the forty days of Tohar of the first, and the third within forty days of Tohar of the second.

(d)We learn this from the words "Toras ha'Yoledes" (in the Pasuk in Tazri'a "Zos Toras ha'Yoledes") which implies that - she brings one Korban for many V'lados.

(e)And from the word "Zos" we learn that the above ruling is confined to where each subsequent birth takes place within the M'los of the previous one. Otherwise, she must bring a Korban for each birth.

11)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah disagrees with the Tana Kama. In his opinion, although the woman who gives birth to four V'lados in the above manner - need not bring a Korban on the second and fourth V'lad, she is however obligated to bring a Korban on the third one ...

(b)... because whereas the second V'lad was 'born' within the M'los of the first one and its birth is not considered an independent birth, the third V'lad, which was 'born' after the M'los of the first one, is.

(c)And Rebbi Yehudah says - the same thing about the second and third V'lados in the case of triplets.

12)

(a)When Rebbi Yehudah says that the second V'lad is considered as if he was not born (vis-a-vis the Korban), this is confined to the Din of Korban; but as far as the Din of Tum'ah is concerned - the woman must observe the seven days of Tum'ah for a boy and fourteen for a girl in all cases.

(b)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

13)

(a)The Tana now discusses the five cases of Korban 'Oleh ve'Yored' - which means a Korban where, in certain cases, the Torah prescribes a larger Korban for a person who is wealthy, a smaller one if he is poor and smaller still if he is destitute.

(b)The three categories of a Korban Oleh ve'Yored are - a. a lamb or a goat for a Chatas, b. two pigeons and c. a tenth of an Eifah of flour.

14)

(a)Four of the cases of Korban Oleh ve'Yored are Bituy Sefasayim, Tum'as Mikdash ve'Kodashav, Yoledes and Metzora. Based on the Pasuk in Vayikra "ve'Sham'ah Kol Alah" (See Tiferes Yisrael), the fifth case is that - of Shemi'as Kol (Shevu'as ha'Eidus [See Tisfers Yisrael]).

(b)The case of Bituy Sefasayim is - someone who swears to do something positive or negative (See also Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)The Din by ...

1. ... Bituy Sefasayim and Tum'as Mikdash ve'Kodashav differs from the other three inasmuch as - they are confined to someone who transgresses be'Shogeg (See Tiferes Yisrael), which the others are not.

2. ... Yoledes and Metzora differs from the other three in that - they are only subject to two of the three categories that the others are subject to (Ashir and Ani).

15)

(a)A rich Yoledes bring a lamb as an Olah and a pigeon or a young dove as a Chatas. If she is poor she brings - two pigeons or two young doves.

(b)A rich Metzora bring two lambs. If he is poor, he too brings - two pigeons or two young doves.

16)

(a)The first distinction between the Korban of a Shifchah Charufah and other Arayos listed by the Mishnah is that, whereas all the others are subject to a Chatas, a Shifchah Charufah is subject to an Asham; the second that - whereas the former bring a female (which a regular Chatas comprises), the latter, a male (like every other Asham).

(b)The third and fourth distinctions concern their respective punishments. We learn from the Pasuk in Beha'aloscha "Ish ve'Ishah ki Ya'asu mi'Kol Chatos ha'Adam" that - throughout the Torah a woman receives the same punishment as a man as regards both Meizid and Shogeg.

(c)This ruling differs with regard to a Shifchah Charufah however - where the woman receives Malkos, whereas the man brings an Asham ...

(d)... which we learn from the Pasuk in Kedoshim (in connection with a Shifchah Charufah "Bikores (Malkos) Tih'yeh" (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'Lo Hishvah' & 've'Lo es ha'Ishah').

(e)"Bikores" means 'bi'Keri'ah' (with regard to the Pesukim that Beis-Din read out whilst the Malkos is being delivered) or - 'assessment' (which Beis-Din make to ascertain how many lashes a person [in this case, the woman] can take).

17)

(a)The last two differences between Shifchah Charufah and other Arayos concern the actual Bi'ah for which the latter are Chayav - even if they only performed Ha'ara'ah (Ma'areh [the first stage of the Bi'ah - the entry]), whereas the former is Patur.

(b)The Din of 'Ma'areh' in this case, includes she'Lo ke'Darkah (sodomy) - for which the latter are Chayav, the former, Patur.

(c)We learn from the Pasuk ...

1. ... in Acharei-Mos "Mishk'vei Ishah" that - the latter are Chayav for performing sodomy.

2. ... in Kedoshim "Shichvas Zera" that - the former is Patur unless the Bi'ah is capable of transmitting the man's seed nto the woman (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(d)The other Chumra that Arayos have over Shifchah Charufah is that - they are Chayav for each and every Bi'ah, which a Shifchah Charufah is not (as we learned in the previous Mishnah.

18)

(a)The Chumrah that the Tana finally presents of Shifchah Charufah over other Arayos is that - one is Chayav even be'Meizid (as we learned earlier).

(b)This ruling applies, irrespective of whether they are both Meizid or whether he is Shogeg and she, Meizid, unless she is Shogeg, in which case, irrespective of whether he is ...

1. ... Shogeg too or ...

2. ... Meizid - they are both Patur.

(c)We learn this from the juxtaposition of the Pasuk "Bikores Tih'yeh" to that of "ve'Heivi es Ashamo" - which implies that the man only brings an Asham if the Shifchah receives Malkos (but not if she is Shogeg [See also Tosfos Yom Tov]).

19)

(a)In defining a Shifchah Charufah, Rebbi Akiva cites the Pasuk "ve'Hafdei Lo Nifdasah", from which he learns that - the Pasuk is speaking about a Shifchah who has half been set free (she has been set free by one of her two masters but not by the other).

(b)The Pasuk speaks where she is betrothed to an Eved Ivri (See Tosfos Yom Tov), specifically an Eved Ivri - because he is the only person who is permitted to both a Shifchah Cana'anis and a bas Chorin.

(c)We know that had she not been half free, both she and the adulterer would be Chayav Misah - from the implication of the Pasuk "Lo Yumsu ki Lo Chupashah".

20)

(a)Rebbi Yishmael objects to Rebbi Akiva's interpretation of the Pasuk "ve'Hafdei Lo Nifdasah" - because he holds that the Pasuk is speaking about a full-fledged Shifchah who has not been set free at all (See Tosfos Yom Tov) ...

(b)... and the reason that the Torah uses a double expression is - due to the principle 'Dibrah Torah ki'Leshon b'nei-Adam'.

21)

(a)Rebbi Elazar ben Azaryah supports Rebbi Akiva's explanation - because he says 'All the other Arayos are clearly specified, and the only one that isn't is a Chatzi Shifchah and Chatzi bas-Chorin'.

(b)What Rebbi Elazar ben Azaryah is really saying to Rebbi Yishmael is that - although generally, he agrees with the principle 'Dibrah Torah ki'Leshon b'nei-Adam', here we cannot apply it ...

(c)... since the Torah has already written "Ki Lo Chupashah", so why does it then see fit to add "ve'Hafdei Lo Nifdasah"?

(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Akiva.

22)

(a)The Mishnah rules in a case where two people committed adultery/incest, if one of them is ...

1. ... a Gadol and the other, a Katan, or if one of them is ...

2. ... awake and the other asleep - the former is Chayav and the latter, Patur.

3. ... Meizid and the other Shogeg - the former is Chayav Kareis whereas the latter, brings a Chatas.

(b)Regarding a Shifchah Charufah they are both Patur - if the man is a Meizid and a Gadol, and the Shifchah, either a Ketanah or Shogeg, then they are both Patur (See Tosfos Yom Tov), but ...

(c)... if the Shifchah is Meizid and the man, Shogeg (See Tosfos Yom Tov) - then she receives Malkos, and he must bring an Asham (as we learned in the previous Mishnah).