Targum Yoinasan: It is 'a calf' - a cow in its first year.

Ramban #1 (in Pasuk 4, citing the Ibn Ezra): Because had the inhabitants of that town not performed a similar sin, a person would not have been killed in their close proximity.

Ramban #2 (in Pasuk 4, citing the Moreh Nevuchim) and Targum Yonasan: Because the murderer is probably a resident of their town. ¹

Yerushalmi Sotah, 9:2: They bring one calf between them. ¹

Sotah 45b: To preclude a town that does not have a Beis-Din, which is not included even in the measuring in the event that it is the nearest town, and they only measure to the towns which do have a Beis-Din. ¹

Pesachim, 26a: Since the Torah writes "Avad bah" (without a 'Vav'), ¹ and we read it "Ubad" (as if it had a 'Vav') ² , we conclude that it worked on its own it is not Pasuk unless the owner benefitted from it. Consequently, if the owner placed it in the stable to suckle from its mother together with other calves and it threshed the corn ³ or if a bird rested on it, it remains Kasher, whereas if the owner placed it in the stable ⁴ to suckle and to thresh or if if a male came on it, it becomes Pasul.

Sotah, 46a: "Bah" precludes a Kodshim animal, which does not become Pasul through Avodah. ⁵

Yerushalmi Sotah, 9:5 and Sotah, 46a: The calf is Pasul if it draws the yoke (at least one Tefach ¹ - Sotah, Ibid.), irrespective of whether it does so with the owner's knowledge or without it. ²

Refer to 23:3:4:1.

Sotah, 46a: Because, whereas all other forms of Melachah only render it Pasul if it whilst the animal is working, ¹ placing a yoke renders it Pasul even if it is not. ²