1)

(a)For a vineyard in which most of the vines have been destroyed to retain its status - at least ten vines per Beis Sa'ah must remain intact.

(b)Its official title is - Kerem Dal (an impoverished vineyard).

(c)This ruling however is subject to the condition that it is planted correctly, which means that the remaining vines...

1. ... form the shape of two rows with at least two vines in each and one in the shape of a tail (as we learned in the previous chapter.

2. ... must grow not more than sixteen Amos from each other and not less then four (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The difference between this case and 'Karachas ha'Kerem' is - that in the latter case, it is the vines in the middle that have been destroyed, whereas in this case, they are scattered throughout the vineyard.

2)

(a)The Tana Kama rules that a vineyard that is planted erratically has the Din of a vineyard - only if among the trees, there are five that are planted in the required shape of a vineyard ...

(b)... even if the branches are not in line with the trunks ...

(c)... but not if the branches are in line but the trunks are not.

(d)According to R. Meir - a vineyard that is planted erratically is a vineyard as long as it resembles one.

3)

(a)According to R. Shimon, a vineyard whose trees are planted too close to each other - (i.e. within four Amos) is not considered a vineyard ...

(b)... since one is unable to bring the oxen that are needed to plow (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)One may then plant other species - within six Tefachim of the vines.

4)

(a)According to the Chachamim - it is a vineyard ...

(b)... because people tend to plant extra rows of vines, and then to uproot those that one does not need later for firewood.

(c)Consequently, one is obligated to leave - between the vines and the other species four Amos.

5)

(a)Besides the actual specifications of a ditch that runs through a vineyard, R. Eliezer ben Ya'akov also requires - the ditch to cut through the vineyard from one side to the other, before one is permitted to plant other species in it.

(b)The minimum depth of the ditch for this concession is - ten Tefachim and the minimum width - four.

(c)If the ditch does not meet these conditions, he refers to it as a winepress - over which R. Eliezer and the Chachamim are about to argue.

(d)Unless all of R. Eliezer's requirements are met - it will be forbidden to plant other species in it, even it is surrounded only on three sides, and not on four.

6)

(a)R. Eliezer permits planting other species in a winepress that is ten Tefachim deep and four Tefachim wide. The Chachamim - forbid it.

(b)And the Mishnah issues the same ruling with regard to a Shomeirah - (a mound of earth, on which the guard stands watch) as R. Eliezer regarding a winepress.

(c)The Chachamim agree with R. Eliezer in this case - because it is raised, and the 'air of the vineyard does not see it'.

(d)It is forbidden to plant other species on a Shomeirah - if the branches of the vines are intertwined on top (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

7)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses a vine that is planted in a winepress or in a Neka - (a hole in the ground).

(b)The Tana Kama permit planting other species - up to six Tefachim away (the Avodah of a solitary vine).

(c)According to R. Yossi - unless the winepress and the hole measure four Amos, one may not plant other species in their vicinity (like a M'chol ha'Kerem [see Tos. Yom-Tov]) ...

(d)... because it looks like Kil'ayim.

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

8)

(a)The Tana - permits planting in a house in the middle of a vineyard.

(b)We might otherwise have thought - that the walls of the house are ineffective in this regard, seeing as the vines surround it on all four sides (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

9)

(a)When the Tana says that if someone plants vegetables in a vineyard, it is 'Mekadesh' forty-five vine, he means - that they are Asur be'Hana'ah and must be burned.

(b)The same ruling will apply - if he merely retains them (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

10)

(a)Up to a radius of sixteen Amos from the location of the vegetables are affected.

(b)The vines must be planted - four Amos apart (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)To obtain a diameter of thirty-two Amos, the vineyard must comprise - nine rows, four Amos apart

(d)This case is worse than the case that we learned above where if someone planted within four Amos of a vineyard only two rows are forbidden - because the vegetables are surrounded by vines.

11)

(a)The Tana forbids forty-five vines and not forty-nine, in spite of the fact that, since the vines are planted four Amos apart, the four vines in the corners, will also fall within the circle - because the four Amos are exclusive of the vines themselves, in which case they will be outside the circle (see also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Tana extends the above ruling to vines that are planted five Amos apart, even though only thirty-seven vines will fall within the radius of sixteen Amos - on account of the principle of 'Lo P'lug' (Chazal do not generally differentiate between one case and another.

(c)About the same case but where the vines are planted six or seven Amos apart - only sixteen Amos in all directions (in a circle, like the Reisha) ...

(d)... affecting ...

1. ... twenty-four vines if they are planted six Amos apart, and if they are ...

2. ... seven Amos apart - twenty-one (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'Hayu Netu'os al Sheish' & Tiferes Yisrael).

12)

(a)If someone who, from a distance, sees vegetables growing in his vineyard, and declares that he will uproot them ...

1. ... as soon as he gets there - the vines are permitted (irrespective of how much the vegetables have increased by the time he gets there).

2. ... when he returns from wherever he happens to be going - the vines are forbidden, the moment the vegetables have increased by one two-hundredth (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)Similarly, if a wall that divides between one's vineyard and vegetables that has breached - the vines are permitted, provided he begins to repair the breach immediately, but not if he delays.

(c)The reason for this ruling is - because the Torah only forbids Kil'ayim if one actually plants the two species together, or if the owner indicates that he is pleased with the growth (by virtue of his inactivity (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)One knows whether the vegetable grew one two hundredth or not - by gauging how long it takes for the same species to begin wilting (e.g. one hundred hours) and divides that by two hundred (half an hour).

13)

(a)If a person who is walking through his vineyard, inadvertently drops some seeds among the vines - the vines remain permitted ...

(b)... and the same applies if the wind or the irrigation canal that one just dug carries seeds in to the vineyard.

(c)All these Halachos are based on the Pasuk in Kedoshim are - "Lo Sizra Karm'cha Kil'ayim" (implying that the mixture is only forbidden if it happened intentionally).

14)

(a)The same ruling will apply if the wind blows some of the seeds that he is planting behind him into his vineyard - because he did not see it and it was therefore unintentional.

(b)In all the current cases, the moment he discovers what happened (Tos. Yom-Tov) - he is obligated to uproot the seeds (otherwise, as soon as the seeds increase by one two hundredth, the mixture will become forbidden).

15)

(a)If the wind blows the seeds in front of him into the vineyard, R. Akiva draws a distinction between whether they are 'Asavim' - (seeds or herbs that have not yet taken root) or 'Aviv' - (seeds ... that have taken root but that have not yet grown to one third of their growth).

(b)He rules, assuming they ...

1. ... are still Asavim - that all the owner needs to do is to plow the area where they fell (to prevent them from taking root.

2. ... have already become Aviv - he needs to cut it up (to divide the stalks from the grain) ...

(c)... because the stalks are permitted, whereas the corn is forbidden (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael).

(d)Buts if he only tends to them after they are already one-third grown - the mixture is forbidden, and must be burned (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

16)

(a)R. Eliezer (see Tos. Yom-Tov) rules that if someone deliberately retains thorns in his vineyard - the mixture becomes forbidden (and must be burned).

(b)Even though one does not eat thorns, they are nevertheless subject to the Dinim of Kila'yim - because in Arabia, they tend to retain thorns with which to feed their camels.

(c)The Chachamim take each country independently (and thorns are considered Kil'ayim in Arabia, but not anywhere else).

(d)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

17)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses an Irus (a species of vegetables with large leaves), a Kisom (a sort of ivy) and Shoshanas ha'Melech (a species of rose that has no aroma). One generally ...

1. ... adds 'Irus' to a cooked dish (for flavor).

2. ... lets 'Kisom' grow above shops and windows (because it looks pretty).

(b)What these species have in common with other seeds is - that they are not subject to Kil'ayim (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Based on a Sugya in Menachos - all of these items are Asur mi'de'Rabbanan (Ibid.)

18)

(a)According to R. Tarfon, Kanvus (hemp) in a vineyard is Kil'ayim - The Chachamim disagree.

(b)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim.

(c)The Mishnah rules - 'Kinras Kil'ayim be'Kerem'.

(d)'Kinras' is thistles (which the Torah calls "Dardar").

(e)We would have thought otherwise - because thorns are not subject to Kil'ayim.