1)

(a)The Tana Kama rules that in the case of a field in which a 'quarter' of a certain species has been planted in a field per Sa'ah of a second species - one must dig up whatever is in excess of the quarter (see Tiferes & Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)'A quarter' - means a quarter of a Kav (i.e. six k'Beitzim) ...

(c)... (one twenty-fourth of a Sa'ah, since there are six Kabin in a Sa'ah).

(d)The area in which one sows a Sa'ah of wheat is - fifty square Amos (see next Mishnah & Tos. Yom-Tov at the end of the Mishnah).

2)

(a)R. Yossi says 'Yavor' - which means that (seeing as he is anyway obligated to remove some of the seeds) he must remove them all.

(b)Otherwise, he argues - since he removes only some of the seeds, leaving others, it looks as if he is deliberately retaining Kil'ayim in his field.

(c)Consequently, he will concede to the Tana Kama that less than a Rova per Sa'ah is permitted - if that is all that one planted in the first place.

(d)According to R. Yossi - the same Din will apply, even if two other species combined to make up a Rova per Sa'ah of a third species.

(e)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

3)

(a)The previous ruling is confined to two species of Tevu'ah (the five species of grain) in Tevu'ah, Kitnis (legumes) in Kitnis - Tevu'ah in Kitnis or Kitnis in Tevu'ah.

(b)The Din is far more stringent than the previous one - with regard to garden-seeds (that are not eaten and) that have been planted in a garden containing Tevu'ah, Kitnis or regular seeds.

(c)What makes the former different - is the fact that they are extremely small.

4)

(a)With regard to garden seeds, the Tana rules 'me'Esrim ve'Arba be'Nofel (see Tos. Yom-Tov) le'Beis Sa'ah' - meaning one twenty-fourth of the amount of garden-seeds that one plants in a Beis-Sa'ah (fifty x fifty Amos, in which one normally plants a Sa'ah of wheat).

(b)One can plant - one and a half Kabin of garden-seeds in a Beis Sa'ah.

(c)A twenty-fourth of one and half Kabin (or one sixteenth of a Kav) is - one and a half k'Beitzim.

(d)The opening words of his statement 'be'Emes Amru' signify that - it is Halachah.

5)

(a)When R. Shimon rules that just as they issued the previous ruling Lehachmir, so too, did they issue a similar ruling Lehakel, he is referring to - flax-seeds in Tevu'ah.

(b)Flax-seeds are different than other seeds - inasmuch as they are very large, and one can plant three Sa'ah of them in a Beis-Sa'ah.

(c)The Shi'ur there that requires minimizing will therefore be (one-twenty-fourth of three Sa'ah) three-quarters of a Kav (eighteen k'Beitzim) per Sa'ah.

(d)The Halachah is - like R. Shimon.

6)

(a)A person who sows wheat and then decides that he wants to switch to barley, is obligated - to wait until the wheat has rotted before plowing his field to prepare for the planting, a time-period of ....

(b)... three days.

(c)He is not allowed to say (see Tiferes Yisrael) - 'Let me plant first and then I will plow', even if the wheat has already sprouted (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(d)The Tana Kama obligates him to plow 'ke'Talmei ha'Revi'ah' - by which he means that it will suffice to plow large patches (like one does after the rainfall).

7)

(a)Aba Shaul - requires him to plow to the extent that a quarter of a Kav should not remain un-plowed (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Mishnah Rishonah).

(b)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

8)

(a)The Tana, discussing a field that is sown and one wants to plant trees in it or vice-versa. rules - that the owner is forbidden to say that he will ...

1. ... plant first and uproot the seeds (see Tos. Yom-Tov) afterwards, or ...

2. ... sow first and uproot the trees afterwards.

(b)He must first up-root (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and then plant.

(c)Assuming that the owner is in a hurry to sow - he has the option of initially cutting the tree down to within a Tefach of the ground, and uprooting it later.

9)

(a)Still in connection with the previous Mishnah, in a case where a field in which hemp (see Tos. Yom-Tov) or Luf (a species of onion) is growing, and the owner now wants to plant trees - there is nothing he can do about it ...

(b)... because hemp and Luf, unlike other seeds, grow over a period of three years, and some of them only rot much later (see Tiferes Yisrael and Tos. Yom-Tov).

10)

(a)The Tana does not obligate the owner to uproot S'fichei Istis - (a plant from which one produces an indigo dye [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]) that are growing among Tevu'ah, various species that is growing in a granary or a variety of plants that are growing among fenugrec.

(b)Besides seeds that re-grow after having been cut, S'fichim might be - seeds that fall during the harvest and re-grow (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The reason for this lenient ruling is - because, in each case, the second species is damaging to the first, and he is going to have to uproot them anyway at a later stage.

(d)The Tana nevertheless obligates the removal of them all except for one species - in the event that he digs or cuts off the leaves, leaving the roots in the ground ...

(e)... because then it appears as if he is deliberately retaining Kil'ayim (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

11)

(a)Beis Shamai permits planting one's field 'Meishar Meishar' ...

1. ... (individual patchs of different species), provided he leaves three patches of 'Pasi'ach' ...

2. ... (space for the plow [see Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(b)Beis Hillel requires a space of 'Ol ha'Sharoni' - (the width of the yoke of the plow that is used in the Sharon).

(c)The Mishnah comments on the Machlokes - that there is little difference between the two opinions (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

12)

(a)When the Tana talks about a 'Rosh Tor' of wheat entering into a patch of barley, he means - that the corner of a wheat-field enters into a barley- field at an angle (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)He permits it - because the angle of its entry indicates that it is merely the end of the wheat-field (see Tos. Yom-Tov), and that the two fields were not planted together (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)He also rules that in a case where Reuven has wheat growing in his field, whereas Shimon his neighbor has another species - that he is permitted to plant the same species as Shimon at the edge of his field (see Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(d)... because it looks as if it is the end of Shimon's field.

13)

(a)If both Reuven and Shimon have wheat growing in their fields (see Tos. Yom-Tov) and one of them wants to plant a patch of flax-seeds at the edge of his field, the Tana then rules that - he is permitted to do so ...

(b)... because, seeing as people do not generally plant just one patch of flax-seeds, it is obvious to all that he is only testing his field to see how flax-seeds fare in it (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)If he wants to plant another species with the same intention - it is forbidden ...

(d)... because people do tend to plant just one patch of other seeds, in which case it will be forbidden on account of Mar'is ha'Ayin.

14)

(a)R. Shimon does not differentiate between flax and other kinds. R. Yossi - permits planting flax-seeds even in the middle of his field (see Tiferes Yisrael) ...

(b)... whereas the Tana Kama only permits it at the edge.

15)

(a)The Tana now discusses mustard-seeds and 'Charia' - (wild Saffron).

(b)He forbids Reuven to plant mustard-seeds and Chari'a (see Tos. Yom-Tov & Meleches Shlomoh) next to Shimon's field of Tevu'ah - because they damage it. Consequently, people will think that they must both belong to Shimon (since Reuven would never permit him to plant these seeds next to his Tevu'ah, but ...

(c)... he permits planting them next to Shimon's field of vegetables ...

(d)... because, seeing as they do not cause harm to the vegetables, there will be no reason for people to think that Reuven owns Shimon's field.

16)

(a)When the Tana permits planting something next to a fallow patch or a furrow he means - that they will form a barrier between the Tevu'ah and the species that he intends to plant now.

(b)The minimum dimensions of the fallow patch or the furrow for them to be permitted are - a quarter of a Kav (see Tiferes Yisrael, note 51 & 52).

17)

(a)The same ruling will apply to a Gafah - (a stone wall that is not cemented), a road - or a Geder (a stone wall that has been cemented) that separates the two.

(b)The kind of road the Tana is talking about is - a private one (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Geder must be - ten Tefachim tall (see Tiferes Yisrael).

(d)The same ruling applies to a ditch - which must also be at least four Tefachim wide.

18)

(a)The Tana concludes the list with 'Ilan ha'Meisach al ha'Aretz (a tree whose branches reach within the Tefach from the ground) and a rock ...

(b)... and beside which one may plant, even though another species has been planted underneath them.

(c)The required dimensions of a rock that enables two different seeds to be planted one on either side of it are - that it is ten Tefachim high and four Tefachim wide (like a ditch [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

19)

(a)R. Meir now permits planting twenty-four Korachos (each with its own species) in a Beis-Sa'ah. A ...

1. ... 'Korachas' is - a square (see Tos. Yom-Tov) empty patch in a field (like the word 'Kore'ach', meaning bald [see also Tos. Yom-Tov]).

2. ... 'Beis Sa'ah' is - fifty square Amos.

(b)The area of each patch will then be - ten Amos by Ten Amos and two and a half Tefachim (the equivalent of a Rova ha'Kav) ...

(c)... since there are twenty-four quarter Kabin in a Sa'ah.

(d)R. Meir does not require even the slightest gap between the patches - because, since all the patches are square, they look separate.

(e)He also permits planting one or two patches of mustard-seeds in a field containing other plants (see Tos. Yom-Tov). Not three - because it then looks like an independent field.

20)

(a)The Chachamim permit one to plant - nine patches in a Beis Sa'ah (but not ten [see Tos. Yom-Tov & Tiferes Yisrael]) ...

(b)... because they require a gap the same size as the sown patch (in the region of a quarter of a Kav) between each two species.

(c)This will entail arranging the field - into twenty-five equal (see Tos. Yom-Tov) patches in five patchs, of which ...

(d)... he leaves empty the second and fourth patch in the first, third and fifth patches, as well as the entire second and fourth rows (see Tos. Yom-Tov).

21)

(a)R. Eliezer ben Ya'akov, who is the most stringent of all, speaks about a field that measures even a Beis Kur - (i.e. thirty Sa'ah), in which ...

(b)... he permits planting only one other species in one patch.

(c)We do not know his reason.

22)

(a)When the Tana says that whatever is within the Beis Rova is counted as part of the Beis Rova, he means that - even if the Beis Rova which separates between two species is full of water or something else (which renders it unfit for planting, it still serves as a separation.

(b)And he lists 'Achilas ha'Gefen' - (a vine [Tiferes Yisrael, see also Tos. Yom-Tov]) plus the space surrounding it that is needed to work it [see Tos. Yom-Tov]), a grave and a stone wall.

(c)He is talking about a rock - that is less than ten Tefachim high.

23)

(a)The distance required by the Tana between ...

1. ... wheat and barley is - a Beis Rova.

2. ... one vegetable and another is - six Tefachim.

3. ... wheat or barley that one plants next to vegetables is - a Beis Rova.

(b)The above Shi'ur will not suffice with regard to wheat and barley - if the wheat surrounds the barley on all four sides.

(c)According to the Tana Kama, the same will apply if one plants vegetables next to wheat or barley, provided the vegetables are planted in a square. If they are planted in a row - ten and a half Amos by six Tefachim will suffice (see Tos. Yom-Tov DH 'R' Eliezer Omer').

(d)R. Eliezer - applies the same lenient ruling to a patch of vegetables that one plants next to wheat or barley (six Tefachim) as a row.

(e)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.

24)

(a)In a case where one planted any of the above two species next to one another leaving the appropriate gap, only their prolific growth later causes them to overlap - the Mishnah permits one to retain them.

(b)The sole exception according to the Tana Kama is - a Greek pumpkin.

(c)The reason for ...

1. ... the basic ruling is - because they were planted legally (according to the Halachah).

2. ... the exception is - because the leaves of a Greek pumpkin tend to grow very long and to spread in all directions, intermingling with other species more extensively than other plants.

25)

(a)R. Meir lists two additional species to those of the Tana Kama. One of them is cucumbers, the other - Egyptian beans.

(b)He concedes however, that the Chachamim are right - since, although the latter do proliferate, they do not do so to the extent that Greek pumpkins do (see Tiferes Yisrael).

(c)The Halachah - is like the Tana Kama.