1)

(a)The Mishnah rules that if is found between 'Shekalim' and 'Nedavah', assuming ...

1. ... one of them is closer - then that is where the money goes.

2. ... they are equidistant - then it goes to 'Nedavah' ...

(b)... because we go Lechumra, and whereas 'Shekalim' is sometimes used for Chata'os,which are eaten by the Kohanim, and Mosar Shekalim even towards building the walls of Yerushalayim ... . Nedavah is used for Olos (which go directly on the Mizbe'ach) exclusively.

(c)The Pasuk in Shoftim that serves as the source for going after Karov is - "Vehayah ha'Ir ha'Kerovah el he'Chalal" (in connection with Ir ha'Nidachas [a city that worshipped idols]).

2)

(a)If money is found halfway between ...

1. ...'Eitzim' and 'Levonah', it goes to Levonah - because Levonah is itself a Korban, whereas wood is only a Machshir (which enables the Korban to be burned).

2. ... 'Kinin' and 'Gozlei Olah' does it go to 'Gozlei Olah' - since it is then used for Olos, which are all burned on the Mizbe'ach, unlike 'Kinin', part of which is used for Chata'os (See Tiferes Yisrael), which are eaten by the Kohanim.

(b)Assuming that the money really fell from 'Kinin', to compensate the woman who brought the money for her 'Kaparah' - the Beis-Din that is responsible for Kinim purchases a pair of birds from public funds, and offers it on her behalf.

(c)... in which case the bird that is brought for her Chatas - is not eaten by the Kohanim.

3)

(a)The Mishnah rules that money which a person finds between his Chulin money and his Ma'aser-Sheini money - has the same Din as the previous cases; and if the two are equidistant, it is considered Ma'aser.

(b)The dual principle that the Tana presents tp explain the current rulings is - 'Holchin Achar ha'Karov (Lehakeil); Mechtzah le'Mechtzah, Lehachmir'.

(c)Assuming that the text reads 'Holchin Achar ha'Karov Lehakeil' (See Tos. Yom-Tov), he means -even Lehakeil.

4)

(a)Money that is found in the vicinity of the cattle merchants is - considered Ma'aser-Sheini.

(b)Despite the fact that one is permitted to purchase any food with one's Ma'aser money - because the main Mitzvah is to purchase Shelamim with it.

(c)This ruling extends throughout the year (even though people generally deal with their Ma'aser Sheini on Yom-Tov, when they come to be Oleh Regel) - because they generally do manage to finish all the money by the time they depart for home, so they leave the whatever remains with their relatives and friends, to purchase with it Shelamim after they have left (See Tos. Yo,-Tov).

(d)We assume that the money fell from the purchaser and not from the merchants (in which case the sale would have rendered it Chulin) - because there are more purchasers that sellers (seeing as many purchasers buy from one seller).

5)

(a)Nevertheless we consider money that is found on Har ha'Bayis (even on Yom-Tov) to be Chulin - because there we go after the majority of the year, and assume that perhaps, the owner lost it before Yom-Tov (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)Whereas money that is found in Yerushalayim - on Yom-Tov, is Ma'aser; during the rest of the year - is Chulin ...

(c)... because they tend to sweep the streets of Yerushalayim every day, in which case had it fallen 'yesterday', it would have been found. Consequently, whatever is found is assumed to have been lost today.

(d)Besides the fact that the Har ha'Bayis is higher than Yerushalayim, in which case the wind tends to blow away the dust, the other reason that obviated the need to sweep there - is the fact that one is not allowed to enter it with the dust of one's feet (i.e. must wash one's feet before entering).

6)

(a)Basar that is found in the Azarah, assuming that it consists of entire limbs (Evarim), has the status of Olah - because that is the way that Olos are cut up.

(b)If one finds limbs that are cut into pieces ...

1. ... in the Azarah - they have the status of Chatas (or Asham [See Tosfos Yom-Tov)

2. ... or entire limbs, in Yerushalayim - they have the status of Shelamim ...

(c)The reason for the last ruling is because the majority of meat that is eaten in Yerushalayim is Shelamim.

(d)The reason for the previous ruling is - because the only meat that is eaten in the Azarah is Basar Chatas and Basar Asham.

7)

(a)The Mishnah rules that one subsequently leaves the Basar that one finds overnight ('Te'ubar Tzurasan') rendering it Pasul be'Linah, before burning it

(b)'Hesech ha'Da'as' (the Kohanim having taken their minds off it) renders it Pasul.

(c)'Ibur Tzurah' is necessary - because it is degrading to burn Kodshim unless they become Vaday Pasul (in this case be'Nosar).

(d)Despite the fact that either way, the Basar has to be burned, the difference between Basar that is found in the Azarah and Basar that is found in Yerushalayim is - whereas the former becomes Nosar the following day, the latter becomes Nosar only in two days time (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

8)

(a)The Mishnah finally rules that Basar that is found elsewhere, assuming it consists of ...

1. ... whole limbs is - Neveilah.

2. ... cut-up pieces - may be eaten.

(b)The reason for the difference is - because on the one hand, it is the way to throw whole limbs of a Neveilah into the street to feed the dogs, whereas on the other, one does not cut up Neveilah into pieces.

(c)The Tana permits even whole limbs that are found on Yom-Tov however - since, seeing as a lot of meat is cooked on Yom-Tov, one tends to cook the limbs whole, wuthout cutting it up into small pieces.

(d)The Basar is always forbidden - in a town where Nochrim, as well as Jews, live (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

9)

(a)The Tana rules that a live animal that one finds from Yerushalayim to Migdal Eider and the equivalent distance surrounding Yerushalayim - is an Olah if it is a male, and a Shelamim if it is a female (See Tos.Yom-Tov).

(b)'Migdal Eider' is - the name of a town not far from Yerushalayim.

(c)The reason for this dual ruling is - because a. we assume that the animal came from Yerushalayim, and b - the majority of male animals there are Olos (See Tos. Yom-Tov), and of females, Shelamim.

(d)According to Rebbi Yehudah, an animal that is eligible to be brought as a Korban Pesach - the finder in fact, brings the animal as a Korban Pesach.

10)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah is referring - to a male lamb or he-goat in its first year ...

(b)...within thirty days of Pesach ...

(c)... when one starts to get involved in the Dinim of Pesach.

(d)If the owner subsequently turns up - then the finder must reimburse him (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(e)The Halachah is - not like Rebbi Yehudah.

11)

(a)When the Tana says that initially they used to take a security from whoever found a male or female animal in the vicinity of Yerushalayim, he is referring to - forcing the finder to provide the Nesachim (incorporating the Minchah) from his own pocket.

(b)That entails - three Isronos )tenths of an Eifah) for a bull, two for a ram and one for a lamb (plus the appropriate amount of wine and oil.

(c)What caused them to rescind that institution was - the reaction of the finders, who would simply leave the animals that they found and run away.

(d)So they instituted - for the Nesachim to be purchased with public funds (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

12)

(a)The previous ruling was one of - seven Takanos of Beis-Din listed by Rebbi Shimon (that the Mishnah is currently presenting).

(b)They instituted that if a Nochri sends his Olah (See Tos. Yom-Tov) from overseas (See Tos. Yom-Tov) without the accompanying Minchah - then it must be purchased from communal funds (T'rumas ha'Lishkah).

(c)And they said the same about a Ger (See Tos. Yom-Tov) who dies leaving Korbanos that need to be brought on the Mizbe'ach - assuming he did not leave Nesachim (See Tos. Yom-Tov) himself.

(d)Besides these, the Tana Kama rules - that the Chavitei Kohen Gadol who died must be purchased with communal funds.

(e)He learns this from the Pasuk in Tzav (in connection with the Korban Chavitin) "Chok Olam" - which he interprets to mean that the law of bringing the Minchas Chavitin, must come from the public.

13)

(a)According to Rebbi Yehudah - it is the Kohen Gadol's heirs who are obligated to bring their deceased father's Minchas Chavitin.

(b)When the Mishnah concludes 'u'Sheleimah Haysah K'reivah', it means - that it is then brought in its entirety (and not half in the morning and half in the afternoon, in the way that the Kohen Gadol brought it in his lifetime [See Tos. Yom-Tov]) ...

(c)... according to both of the opinions cited earlier.

14)

(a)How does Rebbi ...

1. ... Shimon learns this latter ruling from the Pasuk there "Kalil Taktar" - which he interprets to mean that it is burned in its entirety.

2. ... Yehudah learns it from the word "Osah" (in the Pasuk there "mi'Banav Ya'aseh Osah)" - implying that one burns it in one go and not in two.

(b)Even though Rebbi Shimon learns his ruling from a Pasuk, he nevertheless refers to it as a T'nai Beis-Din - because initially, they followed the Torah's ruling, before the Chachamim made a Takanah obligating the Kohen Gadol's heirs to purchase the Minchah (See Tos. Yom-Tov), then they issued a second Takamah (reinstating Torah law).

(c)They issued the ...

1. ... first Takanah - because it was a strain on the Lishkah.

2. ... second Takanah - when they saw how the children were simply not bringing their father's Minchah, so they reinstated the Torah law.

(d)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Yehudah (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

15)

(a)The fifth Takanah listed by Rebbi Shimon concerned the salt and the wood for the Korbanos - from which they permitted the Kohanim to benefit ...

(b)... to cook the Korbanos that they ate in the Azarah, but not Chulin (even the Chulin that they ate together with the Korbanos [See Tos. Yom-Tov]).

(c)The sixth Takanah concerned the ashes of the Parah Adumah. We learn from the Pasuk in Chukas "Chatas Hi" - that one is Mo'el for benefiting from the Parah, but not from its ashes.

(d)When Rebbi Shimon says 've'Al ha'Parah she'Lo Yih'yu Mo'alin be'Afrah', he means - that the Chachamim rescinded their subsequent Takanah placing Me'ilah on the ashes.

16)

(a)The Chachamim initially placed Me'ilah on the ashes of the Parah Adumah - because the people were treating it with disrespect (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)They rescinded the Takanah - when they saw that the Kohanim declined to get involved in sprinkling it.

17)

(a)The seventh Takanah concerned Kinin that became Pasul (or lost). The case is - where someone who is Chayav ro brings birds placed money in the appropriate 'Shofar' in the Azarah, and left (See Tos. Yom-Tov), relying on the Beis-Din to purchase the birds, which they did. But the birds either flew away or were found to be Pasul.

(b)The Takanah was - to purchase birds with money from the Lishkah, and to bring them on behalf of the owner of the original birds.

18)

(a)According to Rebbi Yossi - whoever undertakes to supply birds to the Beis-ha'Mikdash, was obligated to replace them ...

(b)... as he learned earlier (in the fourth Perek) - regarding the Nesachim - that whoever undertakes to supply them does not receive his money until they have been brought on the Mizbe'ach ... (and the same applies to whoever undertakes to supply the Kinin).

(c)The Halachah is - like Rebbi Yossi ...

(d)... based on the Yerushalmi, which, citing a T'nai Beis-Din, says - whoever the Kinin, must also provide any birds that are lost or that have become Pasul.