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SUMMARY
Following the Kohen and Levi Talmidei Chachamim who are appointed over the Tzibur are called up to read from the Torah. (1)
A Sefer Torah that is missing one parchment may not be used.
It is forbidden to read the Torah b'Tzibur from Chumashim (even if it is written in a scroll like a Sefer Torah) because it is dishonorable to the congregation.
It is permitted to read from a Sefer Haftaros and from Sifrei Agadah because Es La'asos Heifeiru Torasecha. (2)
It is a Machlokes if the Torah was written by Moshe Rabeinu one Parshah at a time or if it was written all at once. (3)
Hilni ha'Malkah wrote the Parshah of Sotah on a golden tablet for the Beis ha'Mikdash.
It is a Machlokes Tana'im if one Parshah of the Torah may be written down separately in order that a child may learn from it.
Eight Parshiyos of the Torah were given on the day that the Mishkan was erected (the first day of Nisan in the second year after Yetzi'as Mitzrayim).
It is a Machlokes if most Dinim of the Torah could be learned out from the written Torah or are Halachah l'Moshe mi'Sinai.
It is forbidden to write down the Oral Torah and to learn by heart the written Torah.
If the custom was to place an Eruv Chatzeiros in one particular house it may not be placed in a different house because of the concern that people may think that no Eruv was made that Shabbos.
Rav says that the fields farther from the source of the stream may water their fields first.
Shmuel holds that the fields close to the source may water their fields first.
It was not decided whether the Halachah follows Rav or Shmuel and therefore whoever is stronger may water his field first. (4)
If it is not necessary to stop the flow of the stream both Rav and Shmuel agree that whoever wants may water his field first.
A BIT MORE
1. After them Talmidei Chachamim who are suitable to be appointed over the Tzibur are called up, followed by the sons of Talmidei Chachamim who are appointed over the Tzibur, followed by the Roshei Keneses and everyone else.
2. M'Ikar ha'Din it is forbidden to write a Sefer Haftaros because it is forbidden to write the Nevi'im unless the entire Sefer is written, however since it is impossible for every Tzibur to buy all of the Sifrei Nevi'im the Chachamim permitted it. It is also forbidden to write Sifrei Agadah because it is forbidden to write down the Oral Torah. However, because people have shorter memories and since otherwise the Torah would be forgotten the Chachamim permitted it.
3. According to one opinion as soon as Moshe Rabeinu received a Parshah in the Torah he immediately wrote it down and according to another opinion he did not write the Torah down at all until he received the entire Torah.
4. However only the top and bottom field may fight it out but not the middle fields.
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BRIEF INSIGHT
A FLAWED SEFER TORAH
It is forbidden to read the Torah from Chumashim because it is dishonorable to the congregation. The Rashba says that if the entire Torah is written but there are some mistakes in one of the Chumashim it is permitted to read from the other Chumashim. Even though it is forbidden to read from a separate Chumash that is only because it is dishonorable to the congregation and in this case since the entire Torah is written it is not dishonorable. Even though a Sefer that is missing one parchment may not be used, since the Chumash that is being read from does not contain mistakes it is permitted.
QUICK HALACHAH
NO KOHANIM
If there is no Levi in the Beis Keneses the Kohen who read from the Torah first shall read the second time but not a different Kohen so people will not think that the first Kohen is Pasul. Two Leviyim may not be called up one after the other so people will not think that one of them is Pasul. (Shulchan Aruch OC 135:8, 9)
Even if they know that his father is a Levi they may think that he married a Mamzeres and even though the son is a Mamzer he is called up to the Torah like any Yisrael. (Mishnah Berurah)
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